Cytokines

Front 1

IL-1 and TNF (synergistic)

Back 1

Source: macrophage(IL-1)
1. Play an important role in inflammation
2. Activate (or enhance activation of) macrophages to secrete cytokines (IL-1, 6, 12, TNF) &
chemokines (IL-8 & MCP-1)
3. Activate endothelial cells leading to de novo expression of: ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin,
and enhanced expression of ICAM-2. As well, they induce endothelial cells to secrete
chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1.
4. Systemically, IL-1 and TNF act on hypothalamus to induce fever and play a key role in lowering
of blood pressure leading to shock.

Front 2

TNF alone

Back 2

Source: macrophage, Th2
1. TNF enhances NADPH oxidase activity
2. TNF: role in the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase

Front 3

IL-2

Back 3

Source:Th1 mostly, some by Th0 and Thp
1. Growth factor for T cells
2. Enhances NK cell cytotoxicity
3. Plays a role in pCTL to CTL differentiation

Front 4

IL-3

Back 4

Source: T cells
1. Hematopoiesis – important for both myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cell development

Front 5

IL-4

Back 5

Source: Mast cells,Th2 mostly, some Th0
1. Required to isotype switch to IgE
2. Down regulation of Th1 cytokine production
3. Down regulation of iNOS (not as effective as TGFβ)
4. Shifts Th0 response to Th2 phenotype

Front 6

IL-5

Back 6

Source: Mast cells, Th2
1. Hematopoiesis- differentiation of eosinophils
2. Chemotactic for eosinophils; recruiting eosinophils to tissues
3. Activation of eosinophils

Front 7

IL-6

Back 7

Source: Macrcophge, Th2
1. Stimulus for secretion of C-reactive protein from hepatocytes (inflammation-)
2. In the presence of TGF, IL-6 plays a role in the differentiation of Thp cells to Th17 cells

Front 8

IL-7

Back 8

Source: Bone marrow stromal cells
1. Hematopoiesis – Role for B and T cell differentiation. Bone marrow and thymus

Front 9

IL-10

Back 9

Source:Th2

Front 10

IL-12

Back 10

Source: Macrophage dendritic cells
1. Activates NK cells to secrete IFNγ (enhanced if either IL-15 or IL-18 is present)

Front 11

IL-13

Back 11

Source: Th2
1. In lung mediator of allergic asthma)
2. Plays a role in helminth infections (nematodes- round worms)

Front 12

IL-15

Back 12

Source:Macrophage, Dendritic cells
1. Plays a role (along with IL-12) in inducing NK cells to secrete IFN .

Front 13

IL-17

Back 13

Source: Th17
Functionally, IL-17 induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from a wide range of cells (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, G-CSF and metalloproteinases from macrophages and other cell types.
Autoimmune disorders if Th17 cells specific for self antigen
IL-17 is chemotactic for neutrophils
Plays a key role in fungal infections and in extracellular bacterial infections

Front 14

IL-18

Back 14

Source: Macrophage, dendritic cells
Plays a role (along with IL-12) in inducing NK cells to secrete IFN

Front 15

IL-21

Back 15

Source: Th17
Growth factor (amplification) of Th17 cells

Front 16

IL-22

Back 16

Source: Th17
Proinflammatory – Has been shown to be elevated in several inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis)

Front 17

IL-23

Back 17

Source: Dendritic cell
1. Role in differentiation of Thp cells to Th17 cells in the presence of TGF
2. Proinflammatory cytokine that is composed of two subunits (p19 and p40). The p40 subunit is
common to both IL-12 and IL-23
3. Elevated in multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease

Front 18

IL-33

Back 18

Source: Mast cell, little from other sources
1. Activates mast cells
2. IL-33 is upregulated in intestinal parasite infection
3. Th2 cells have receptors for Il-33 – function ???
4. IL-33 suggested to be a member of the alarmin family, molecules that are released upon tissue
necrosis. IL-33 is released when endothelial cells or epithelial cells undergo damage/necrosis. As such IL-33 can trigger multiple immunological processes as a result of trauma or infection (e.g., activate mast cells). Some immune cells can secrete alarmins without undergoing necrosis.
5. Dysregulated IL-33 contributes to asthma, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disorder.

Front 19

IFNgamma

Back 19

Source:Th1<NK<Th0
1. Activates iNOS
2. Enhances activation of NADPH oxidase
3. Down regulates production of Th2 cytokines
4. Critical for Th0 differentiation to Th1 phenotype
5. Along with IL-2, promotes pCTL to CTL differentiation
6. Enhances expression of Class I MHC on nucleated cells
7. Enhances expression of Class II MHC on antigen presenting cells

Front 20

TNF

Back 20

Source:Th2
2. Triggers production of enzymes* that interfere with replication of some viruses
(*2’5’oligoadenylate synthetase)
3. Inhibition of T cell proliferation
4. Increase expression of Class I MHC on nucleated cells.

Front 21

TGFbeta

Back 21

Source: Macrophage
2. Down regulation of iNOS
3. Critical for differentiation of Th0 cells to a/i Tregs
4. In the presence of IL-6 or IL1 and IL-23  differentiation Thp cells to Th17

Front 22

CSFs

Back 22

Source:Macrophage
G-CSF- Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of GM progenitor to granulocyte/neutrophil
M-CSF-Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of GM progenitor to monocyte

Front 23

GM-CSF

Back 23

Source:Macrophage, T cells
Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of myeloid progenitor to GM-progenitor Role in mobilization and activation of dendritic cells

Front 24

IFN alpha/beta

Back 24

Source: Viral infected cells
2. Down regulation of iNOS
3. Critical for differentiation of Th0 cells to a/i Tregs
4. In the presence of IL-6 or IL1 and IL-23  differentiation Thp cells to Th17

Front 25

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (CXCL8)

Back 25

Source:Macrophages, endothelial cells
Chemotactic for neutrophils

Front 26

Monoctye Chemotactic Protein (MCP-1) (CCL2)

Back 26

Source:macrophages, endothelial cells
Chemotactic for monocytes

Front 27

Eotaxin (CCL11)

Back 27

Sources:epithelial cells, fibroblast
Chemotactic for eosinophils