Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Describe the three types of cytokine action, with an example of each.
|
autocrine (IL-2), paracrine (IL-1), endocrine (IFN)
|
|
|
List the four attributes of cytokine activity.
|
pleiotrophy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism
|
|
|
pleiotrophy of cytokines, def (2)
|
1 cytokine has more than one biological effect, or 2 can work on more than one kind of cell
|
|
|
redundancy of cytokines, def
|
more than one cytokine can have the same effect on a target cell
|
|
|
synergy of cytokines, def
|
two or more cytokines work together to produce a different or greater effect than each individually
|
|
|
antagonism of cytokines, def
|
one cytokine inhibits the effect of another
|
|
|
Differentiate between TH1 and TH2 cells with respect to the pathogen fought and the types of cells activated.
|
TH1: fight viral infection by activating cytotoxic T cells and macrophages (cell-mediated immunity), activate B cells to produce opsonization antibody IgG1. TH2: fight bacterial infection by activating B cells to produce antibodies (humoral immunity).
|
|
|
Describe how TH1 and TH2 cells cross-regulate each other.
|
cytokines secreted by either TH1 (IFN-γ) or TH2 (IL-4) cells promote development of nearby TH cells to the same subset and inhibit development into the opposite subset.
|
|
|
TH1 (2) vs. TH2 (4) cells: cytokines produced
|
TH1: IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-β. TH2: IL-4, IL-5, IL-10.
|
|
|
IFN-γ: producing cells (2), fxn (2)
|
Produced by TH1, NK cell. Binds to CD40 ligand of macrophages to cause 1a increased TNF and TNFR production, 1b inc phagocytosis, 1c inc microbicidal fxn. 2 inhibits TH2.
|
|
|
IL-2: producing cell, mode of action (auto, para, endo), fxn (2)
|
Produced by TH1 cells. Autocrine or paracrine action. Fxn: 1 proliferation and activation of antigen-primed TH and NK cells, 2 downregulates immune response because cells that secrete it become dependent on it.
|
|
|
TNF-β: aka, producing cell, fxn (2)
|
aka lymphotoxin. Produced by TH1 cells. 1 inflammatory response, 2 helps TC cells kill.
|
|
|
IL-4: producing cells, fxn (2)
|
Produced by TH2 cells, NK cells. Fxn: 1 activation and differentiation of B cells to memory B cells, 2 TH2 differentiation
|
|
|
IL-5: producing cells, fxn (2)
|
Produced by TH2 cells. Fxn: 1 activation and differentiation of B cells, 2 differentiation of eosinophils
|
|
|
IL-10: producing cells, fxn (3)
|
Produced by TH2 cells. 1 down-regulates TH1 response, 2 down-regulates activated macrophages, 3 stimulates B cells to become plasma cells
|
|
|
Describe cytokines produced by Tregs (3) and their function in immunity.
|
Tregs: IL-4, TGF-β, IL-10. Exercise control over T cell activities and limit autoimmune events.
|
|
|
Discuss the IL-17 family of cytokines, their role in immunity, and their similarity and differences as compared to other cytokines.
|
1 proinflammatory innate response, 2 adaptive immune response against bacteria and fungi
|
|
|
List the cytokines that are mainly produced by macrophages.
|
IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, CXCL8
|
|
|
IL-1: producing cells, fxn (2)
|
Produced by macrophages. 1 stimulates TH2 cells, 2 induces systemic inflammatory responses (fever, acute phase proteins)
|
|
|
IL-6: producing cells, fxn
|
Produced by macrophages. Fxn: systemic inflammatory response (w/ IL-6)
|
|
|
IL-12: producing cells (2), fxn (2)
|
Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells. Fxn: 1 promotes TH1 differentiation, inhibits TH2, 2 activates NK cells
|
|
|
TNF-α: producing cells, general fxn, effect of high vs. low vs. chronic doses.
|
Produced by ACTIVATED macrophages, NK cells. Fxn: Regulates inflammation via NF-kB, 1a low amounts activates immune cells to kill tumors, 1b low chronic doses cause cachexia, 2 high amounts cause tissue death (septic shock)
|
|
|
CXCL8: producing cells, fxn
|
Produced by macrophages. Chemotaxis of PMNs and basophils.
|
|
|
Discuss cytokines that function as growth factors, listing examples and the producing cells.
|
TH1 and TH2 cells: IL-3, GM-CSF. Stroma and macrophages: G-CSF, M-CSF, TGF-β.
|
|
|
IL-3: producing cells, fxn
|
Produced by TH1 and TH2 cells. Stimulates multipotent hematopoietic stem cells to develop into myeloid progenitor cells.
|
|
|
GM-CSF: producing cells, fxn
|
Produced by TH1 and TH2 cells. Promotes development of granulocytes and macrophages.
|
|
|
G-CSF: producing cells, fxn
|
Produced by fibroblasts and macrophages. Stimulates development of granulocytes.
|
|
|
M-CSF: producing cells, fxn
|
Produced by fibroblasts and macrophages. Stimulates development of macrophages.
|
|
|
Discuss type I interferons and how they work, listing examples (2)
|
Fight viral infections by reducing viral replication. Ex. INF-α, INF-β
|
|
|
Cytokine receptors: role in regulation, fxn of various subunits.
|
Receptor expression regulates cytokine response. α chain: specificity for ligand binding. β or γ chain: transmits the signal, can be shared by more than one receptor.
|
|
|
Describe the role of cytokines and cytokine receptors in disease, giving examples.
|
xxx Diseases result from overproduction or underproduction of cytokines.
|
|
|
Discuss the therapeutic use of cytokines and cytokine receptors, giving examples.
|
xxx Cytokines can be targeted by therapeutics.
|
|
|
NK1.1+T cells: cytokines produced (2)
|
IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α
|
|
|
Complete list of molecules produced by TH1?
|
INF-γ, Fas ligand, IL-2, IL-3 & GM-CSF, TNF-α, CXCL2.
|
|
|
What are the cytokines that stimulate and inhibit TH1 cells?
|
STIMULATE: IL-12 (macrophage) INHIBIT: xxx
|
|
|
What are the cytokines that simulate and inhibit TH2 cells?
|
STIMULATE: IL-1 (macrophage) INHIBIT: IL-12 (macrophage)
|
|
|
T(H)0 cells, def
|
T(H) cells in the absence of an infection that are neither TH1 nor TH2
|
|
|
CLINICAL APPLICATION: Differentiate between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
|
Tuberculoid leprosy is primarily TH1 response leading to granuloma formation. Lepromatous leprosy is primarily TH2 response leading to high levels of useless antibodies.
|
|
|
How is the reaction of TH and NK cells to IL-2 regulated?
|
cells do not express IL-2 receptors until they encounter antigen and recieve a signal
|
|
|
TH17 cell, def
|
class of pro-inflammatory T cell, found particularly in inflamed tissue with autoimmune disease.
|
|
|
IL-17E, fxn
|
downregulates TH1 and TH17 response
|
|
|
What part of the cell are IL-17 receptors found?
|
membrane and cytoplasm (IL-17 receptors resemble TLRs)
|
|
|
CLINICAL APPLICATION: In what context is GM-CSF used clinically?
|
stimulates bone marrow of patients after chemo
|
|
|
Steps involved in signal transduction of cytokine receptors (3)
|
1 dimerization of receptor chains, 2 kinase activation, 3 movement of transcription factors to nucleus
|
