Cyrus Chem-Phys

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READ the table. always look for the control, where they add nothing

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go over dont understand

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inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles leads to expansion of the thoracic cavity and a decrease in intra-pleural pressure. The elastic recoil force of the airway and the surface tension of the water lining the airway oppose expansion of the alveoli due to the influx of atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary surfactant adsorbs to the air-water-alveoli interface, reducing surface tension and the total force resisting expansion. This increases pulmonary compliance—a measure of lung volume change at a given pressure of inspired air—and decreases the work required to expand the lungs at a given atmospheric pressure.

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if spontaneous reaction: DELTA G =NEG, DELTA S>0,, BUT DELTA S DOESNT NEED TO BE > DELTA H,, the temp could be really high

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WATch out for signs and units!! use exponents (10^2) get familar with them

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quantum numbers: principle quatn num(radial size of electron cloud ) n=1,2,3,4 (NOT 0).. azimuthal quantum number (s=0, p=1) l= btw 0 and n-1.. magnetic quatn num.m= btw+l and -l...spin quant s= +1/2, -1/2

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Hund’s rules of spin pairing. make sure e goes in each subshell first and then over lap then AND read figures again if confusing, read it slowly cause its usually hints r given... pauli exclusion principle no up up in shubsheel have to be opposite

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excitating electrion to higher energy level in orbital. (CASUE free radial formation: unpaired valence e), and cause eject of electrons from orbits

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beta: nuclear transmutation of protons to neutrons (β-plus) or neutrons to protons (β-minus) beta 0 mass numbe and -1 atomic number .....gamma: doesnt change mass or charge ,....alpha: changes mass by 4 (mass number) 2(atomic number)

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Shorter-wavelength EMR (such as γ rays) carries much more energy than longer-wavelength EMR (such as radio waves) The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the harder it is to eject. Because sp-hybridized orbitals have the most s (50% compared to sp2 33% and sp3 25%) character they contain the electrons that are hardest to eject

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alpha 4 amu, beta 1/1800 of proton, positron same mass as electron 9x10-31, gamma no mass

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LOOK OVER UNITS AND EXPONENTS

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the spectral ratio of the peaks of the excitation spectrum of a Y32-expressing cell directly reflects its cellular ATP-to-ADP ratio. the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the number of sensor molecules excite

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go over

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Longer-wavelength light corresponds to lower-energy light. If the energy required to excite electrons present in the CPV fluorophore exceeded that which is emitted when the electrons relaxed, then energy must have been lost during the return to the ground state following excitation separately from the energy of the emission.loss of vibrational energy during the transition, provides a possible explanation consistent with this requirement.

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go over

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biosensor is pH-sensitive, than changes in cellular pH over the course of a measurement could confuse changes in the energy balance of the cell, as reflected by the cell’s ATP-to-ADP ratio

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go over u dont count the hydrogen on the carbons?

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absolute configuration, imagine the molecule so that the lowest-priority group is facing away. assign priority based on molecular weight of the attached atoms. Nitrogen > C-Se > C-O > H. Follow those atoms in a clockwise circle to assign the R configuration.

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IMPPP !!! UNDERSTAND a weak acid has pKa of 3.5. Therefore, the pH of this solution must be less than the pKa, because the compound is primarily in its acid form and a pH of 3.5 would mean that the concentration of weak acid and conjugate base were equal (a buffer).

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Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] 10-3.5 = x2/(0.1-x) Since x will be small, we can approximate 0.1-x ~ 0.1, giving: 10-3.5 = x2/(0.1) 10-3.5(0.1) = x 210-4.5 = x2[10^-2.25][10^-2.25] = x210^-2.25 = x

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take limiting reagent find moles of it then find moles of product convert to g and then comparre to actual yeild: actual/ theroicatal x 100

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What is Ohm's law

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V=IR OHMS LAW v=voltage I=current (lenght) R=resistance per unit lenght

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go over

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go over ecg

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Phosphorous acid, H3PO3...PO3 3- not 2- H3PO4 phosphoric acid

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“hydration” or “solvation” occurs when the attractive force of an ion molecule causes a thin shell of water molecules to surround it... HYDROGEN BONDING ^

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DONT UNDERSTAND QUESIONT

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tanθ = sinθ/cosθ y/x, so when θ is close to zero, so is tanθ. When θ is close to 90°, tanθ becomes arbitrarily large

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when asked for energy and given height PE=mgh then power output P = J/S = WATTS IMP

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spring constant is like potential energy: KE=1/2Kx^2

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when ask how many stereoisomers do 2^n

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if kidney stones r present then it must mean that the conc of soultes r greater than ksp CaC2o4> ksp solubility product constant

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an axon is neg charge so the electric field would go from outside (+) to inside of the cell (-)

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read the passage xarefully

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if a graph and given numbers try and multiple them and see if the units match the answer

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oxyacid can dissovle in water to produce a acidic solution...nonmetals arre usually acidic

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base can dissolve in acid and some times in water (oNLY IF THEY R ALKALI ex naoh) usualy canot dissolve in water. alkali earth alklai metals r basic

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prostagalandins: lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals

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what is the conc of Cl- ionss in a 0.1M solution of CaCl2

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for cl it would be twice the M so its 0.2

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binding affininty

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Km= not binding affinty but it can relate to Kd ....Kd=dissociation constant where the prodcut formation is the rate limiting step

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yintercept=1/vmax

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so if buret in beaker w liquid and buret has a higher reading than the beaker the pressure outside is greater thna the pressure inside the buret. greater pressure outside pushed the liquid up the buret

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a ultrasound exam shows motion of fetus. the device requires what minial info ?

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dopple effect is used in ultrasound. relates the frew of the wave when its stationary, speed of soruce, speed of dectector.. go over the euqtions

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why is HF BP SO High compared to other group 7

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hf is much more polar than any other group 7 haldies and has hydrgoen bonding to much greateer extent (H2, N2,O2,F2,CL2)

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principle quantum number measures ?

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radial size of electron cloud

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what is palmitoleic acid (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Palmitoleic_acid1.svg/396px-Palmitoleic_acid1.svg.png) image

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a fatty acid has hydrocarbon chain and carboxylic acid which resembles ibuprofen cuase it has hydogen carbon and carboxylic acid

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ir peaks

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cortisol, testrotone and chrlostrol are steroids

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go over the eyes

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read the passage if they say carboxyl group look for an AA that has that group

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E=hf h=planks constant =6.62x 10^-34J.s F=Hz

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POWER=WORK X TIME ....WATTS=J/S

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what would be good reagents for a buffer solution that has a 3.9 pka

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The passage states that the buffer solution is acidic (pH = 3.8), so we can assume that a base is not present in the solution.a polyprotic, weak acid fits the criteria for an acidic buffer solution.salt formed from a weak acid (phosphoric acid) (Na2HPO4) ...NH3 is a weak base so not used here

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In 250 mL of the MH solution with the most favorable solubility profile, how many moles of nicotinamide (MW = 122 g/mol) are present?

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The solution with the most favorable solubility is that with an N:B:C ratio of 15:20:5. In this solution, the concentration of nicotinamide (N) is 15 mg/ml. Since the question states there are 250 mL of solution, the amount of nicotinamide must be 250 x 15 mg, or 3750 mg. We can estimate this value as 4000 mg, which is equal to 4 g.

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The piezoelectric effect, when generating ultrasound waves, involves the conversion of:

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The piezoelectric effect begins with voltage generating a current through the crystal (electrical energy) and culminates in the crystal vibrating (mechanical energy). Mechanical energy is made up of kinetic and potential energy, as it is associated with the motion and position of an object.

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All of the following phenomena serve to attenuate the ultrasound signal as it passes through the body EXCEPT: (Attenuate means to weaken)

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Attenuation is a weakening of the U/S signal. Sound energy is attenuated as is passes through the body because parts of the signal are reflected, scattered, absorbed, refracted or diffracted. so answer is amplification

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The frequency used in U/S imaging must be greater than

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Ultrasound is defined as sound with a frequency above the human range of hearing, which is 20 Hz → 20 kHz. Anything greater than 20 kHz will qualify as ultrasound.

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The Arrhenius equation, k = Ae-Ea/(RT), expresses the relationship between the rate constant, k, and the temperature of a reaction. According to this equation, which of the following will increase the rate of a reaction?

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While the question introduces the Arrhenius equation, you can answer it simply by remember the principle in general chemistry that increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction.

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if a chart and have two varibales that r changed.. if one variable is constant with the other trial then the other vairble is the one causing the problem

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pitcher at a hieght 1.8m standing on 0.2 m ground throws baseball at 30 m/s (v max) and distance away the catcher is 18m what is the height the catcher needs to be?

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use x=vt + 1/2at^2 ,, first find t by 18m/30m/s = 0.6 s,,,then plug in x and v initial is 0 m/s and get 1.8 m is x so it goes from 2m to 1.8 m so the catcher needs be 0.2 m above the ground. (max veliocity wont be reached at top of pitch its only after its thrown)

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why multiple the effiecnies? the overall efficiency of the kinetic chain can be calculated by multiplying the efficiencies of each step

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i got 67.5 j and i stoped there and why do u do 67.5/0.5 wouldnt it be 0.9 x 67.5?

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if another variable is put in the experiment and it lowers another variable (velocity) what would happpen (air resistance on a ball thrown)

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it would lower the actual effiecny and higher v at relase cause no air resistance would be at begining

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what r antacid ? (what would be good antacid)

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Antacids are generally basic compounds that can react with and neutralize stomach acids.. (any base ex caco3, mg(oh)2 ) a bad one would be c2h5oh

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what is a mono , di , and tri basic ion

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PO4 3- (TRI BASIC), H2PO4 (MONOBASIC), HPO4 (MONOBASIC) The more electrons the more basic ( ability to get protons is the mono, di, tri )

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which is less soluble in aq solution.? FeSO4 or Al2O3

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Most ionic sulfate compounds are soluble, with a couple of exceptions, including PbSO4, CaSO4, BaSO4 and SrSO4. Since ferrous sulfate is not one of these exceptions it is soluble in aq soluble. Most oxides are insoluble, except when the cation is a group 1 ion. Aluminum oxide is very insoluble in aqueous solution.

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what is in structure in vitamins?

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all are hydrocarbons and not in ionic forms

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what is a entropic pentalty (go over the idea of it again )

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Entropic penalty refers to the thermodynamically disfavored requirement of forming a cage of polar solvent molecules around surface-exposed hydrophobic portions of a molecule. I

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the Doppler effect to track fluid movement in the water table. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to produce a readable Doppler shift ? (MOVING OBJECTS)

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The Doppler effect is used to analyze moving objects or fluids. A Doppler shift will be registered only if the fluid is moving relative to the source of the sound (the device). More specifically, at least some component of the fluid's velocity must exist in the same directional plane as the wave's velocity (otherwise, the device will register the fluid as not moving at all), and this component must be different from the velocity of the sound source. Roman numeral I is correct, since it shows the fluid traveling with a different velocity than the sound source, in the same directional plane....SO SOURCE SOUND MUST BE IN SAME PLANE BUT THE VELOCITY WILL BE DIFF FROM SOUND SOURCE?

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what is difference btw prebyopia and myopia ? and where is teh choroid relative to the retina?

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prebyopia is far sightedness ( the light goes in eye but the light convergeres behind the retina so need converging lenses). myopia is near sightness (light converges before the retina need diverging lenses ).... the choroid is tissue layer that is behind the retina

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what is the cos and sin of 0,30,60,90

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cos 0 =1, cos 30= (squareroot3) /2,, cos 60= 1/2,, cos 90=0 ,,,sin 0=0, sin 30= 1/2,, sin 60= (square root3)/2,, sin90 =1

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what is downfiled in nmr

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increasing ppm

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what is a geometrial isomer nad constitutional isomer

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cis and trans configuration and constitutional is have same formula but diff connectivity

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Which of the following acids is expected to generate the strongest hydrogen bonding? (HF, HCL, HI, HBR) and what is electronegativity trend in pt.?

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Hydrogen bonding is a unique type of intermolecular force that occurs when H is bonded to very electronegative elements like F, O or N. Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table (HF IS ANSWER).....EN GOES UP TO THE RIGHT AND DECREASE AS U GO DOWN

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How to ensure alot of asprin can be secreted through urine? ..how to identify sa sb wa wb

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In order to increase the percentage of aspirin excreted in the urine, it is necessary to decrease the fraction of aspirin capable of reabsorption, or diffusion out of the lumen of the nephron. polar and charged species can typically diffuse through membranes much less effectively than their uncharged, nonpolar counterparts. Thus, to prevent reabsorption, we must deprotonate as much aspirin as possible, rendering it negatively charged. This can be accomplished by increasing the urinary pH, thus decreasing the concentration of [H+] available for binding aspirin and increasing the fraction of ionized aspirin present in the filtrate. Urinary alkalization can be accomplished by administration of a basic salt, like NaHCO3 (the salt of the conjugate base of carbonic acid)

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what happens w a titration of a WA nad SB ? and if ever asked for equalvance point what do u put in the log (x)?

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The titration of a strong base and a weak acid results in the formation of a basic salt, the hydrolysis of which causes the pH at the equivalence point to be greater than 7......According to the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, when the values of protonated acid and conjugate base are equal, pH = pKa + log 1 = pKa + 0 = pKa. At the half-equivalence point then, the pH of solution equals the pKa of the analyte. According to the passage, aspirin’s pKa is 3.5, the pH of solution at the half-equivalence point of the titration.

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acetazolamide (pKa = 7.2), sulfadiazine (pKa = 6.5), warfarin (pKa = 5.0), and cephalexin (pKa = 3.6). Of them, which was likely to have the strongest conjugate base

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The Ka and pKa values of acids are inversely related to each other, and to corresponding Kb and pKb values of their conjugate bases. Thus, the strongest conjugate base will be produced by deprotonating the weakest acid. As pKa values decrease, acid strength goes up. Thus, the weakest acid present, acetazolamide has the greatest pKa value.... HIGHEST PKA = STRONG CONJUGATE BASE.. STRONG CONJUATE BASE =WEAK ACID

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what is an epimer

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each of two isomers with different configurations of atoms around one of several asymmetric carbon atoms present. (usually in form like fisher of glucose the second carbon from the carbonyl has 2 diferent carbons attached to it so oH CAN BE LEFT OF RIGHT

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from FAD TO FADH

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ONLY ONE PROTON AND H IS BEING TRANSFERED

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BE CAREFULLY WITH LANGUGE ESPICALLY W REDOX be sure what is being reduced and oxidzed

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what is proteolysis and how do u make a particlie increase in size?

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Cleaving a larger molecule (dipeptide) into small pieces (amino acids) would.......Adding electrons to make a negatively charged ion would increase the radius of the particle, making it larger. Thus going from a Cl atom to a Cl- ion would increase the likelihood of it being transported by this channel.

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what is a oligodendrocytes vs Schwann cells? what the difference btw efferent and afferent nerve cells ?

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Oligodendrocytes myelinate nerves in the central nervous system, which increases nerve conduction velocity.....Only Schwann cells myelinate in the peripheral nervous system....... Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain, while efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous systme and towards muscles to cause movement.

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capacitance of a nerve membrane can be increased by:

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CV=Q.. also thatt capacitance is directly proportional to area but inversely proportional to the distance between the two sides of the capacitor. Thus decreasing the width of the membrane (choice A) would actually increase capacitance

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An unknown fluid has a specific gravity of 0.750. What is the volume of 22.5 kg of this fluid?

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Volume = mass / density. Specific gravity relates the density of an object (or fluid, as is the case here) to the density of water, which is 1000 kg/m3. This fluid, then, must have a density of 750 kg/m3. Note also that 1000 L = 1 m3...22.5 kg x (1 m3/750 kg) x (1000 L/1 m3) = 30 L