Culture And Identity

Front 1

Norms

Back 1

Rules of behaviour that define correct and acceptable behaviour for a social setting

Front 2

Values

Back 2

General beliefs on what is right and worth maintaining and working for in society

Front 3

Status

Back 3

Persons position in society

Front 4

Culture

Back 4

Way of life of a society

Front 5

Roles

Back 5

Patterns of behaviour that are expected of people in different positions in society

Front 6

High culture

Back 6

Cultural activities enjoyed by the elite or Upper class in society

Front 7

Folk culture

Back 7

Used for ordinary people, tradition learnt by word of mouth

Front 8

Popular culture (mass culture)

Back 8

Cultural activities and hobbies associated with the masses (pop music, films)

Front 9

Subculture

Back 9

Culture enjoyed by a small group within society

Front 10

Cultural diversity

Back 10

Lots of different ways of living in a society

Front 11

Multiculturalism

Back 11

Society in which different ethnic groups live alongside each other and are able to maintain seperate cultural traditions with an equal status in society

Front 12

Consumer culture

Back 12

Shopping is a significant part of day to day life and people's identities are influenced by their products

Front 13

Global culture

Back 13

Cultural products and images are increasingly found all over the world (mcdonalds)

Front 14

Nature

Back 14

View that natural and biological differences between individuals exist

Front 15

Nurture

Back 15

Influence of social factors over natural or biological factors (gendered toys)

Front 16

Primary socialisation

Back 16

First start to learn your culture and is associated with your family

Front 17

Secondary socialisation

Back 17

Individuals are socialised into society, beyond family influence

Front 18

Formal social control

Back 18

Punishments and rewards based on written rules and guidelines

Front 19

Informal social control

Back 19

Punishments and rewards not based on written rules and guidelines

Front 20

Socialisation

Back 20

Process individuals go through when learning the way of life in a particular society

Front 21

Identity

Back 21

How we see ourselves in relation to others

Front 22

Structuralism

Back 22

Assumption that actions of humans are structured to the social environment

Front 23

Functionalism

Back 23

Interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole society

Front 24

New right

Back 24

Family and what they regard as social problems (such as lone parents)

Front 25

Marxism

Back 25

Everything in society works in favour of capitalists. They belive it creates inequalities in order order benefit the ruling class

Front 26

Feminism

Back 26

Women are disadvantaged compared to men

Front 27

Liberal feminism

Back 27

Ability to maintain equality through actions and choices (equal pay)

Front 28

Marxist feminism

Back 28

Compare gender and class, women aren't paid for their work in the home

Front 29

Radical feminism

Back 29

Male supremacy must be eliminated in all social and economic contexts. They want to abolish the patriarchy by challenging existing norms

Front 30

Difference feminism

Back 30

Black feminists who believe there are levels to oppression including race

Front 31

Postmodernist feminism

Back 31

Identity and individualism and attempt to reclaim femininity for women

Front 32

Weber

Back 32

Marx focused too much on production rather than consumption. Also believed that social mobility is possible

Front 33

Interactionism

Back 33

Human behaviour cannot be predicted and the way we respond varies according to situation and context

Front 34

Structure vs agency

Back 34

Is our behaviour and therefore our identity constructed by wider structural forces or do we have agency and free will in determining our own identities

Front 35

Cooley (looking glass self) interactionism

Back 35

Our self image is shaped by how we think others see us

Front 36

Beckers labelling theory interactionalism

Back 36

How people view us is often considered our label, if we internalise it then it becomes our master status

Front 37

Mead

Back 37

Mead identifies us as 2 separate parts

Me: the social self which is made through interactions

I: the action self where acting creatively is allowed

Front 38

Goffman the presentation of self

Back 38

Theatre analogy, we are social actors and society is a stage

Front stage: work, school, public places

Back stage: home or alone

Front 39

Baudrillard

Back 39

Identity is shaped by our behaviour as consumers

Front 40

Bauman

Back 40

ID is linked to 'liquid modernity' and 'liquid leisure' in that our class, gender ect have an impact on our ID but do not determine it

Front 41

Parsons

Back 41

Females have the expressive role in the family and men have the instrumental role in the family

Front 42

Wilson

Back 42

Need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous: 'spreading the seed'

Front 43

Bowlby

Back 43

Bond between child and mother is innate

Front 44

Bouchard

Back 44

Researched identical twins who were raised differently

One was Hitler youth

One was Jewish

There were still striking similarities and mannerisms

Front 45

Sanders

Back 45

Individual genes have been identified that may influence how sexual orientation develops in men both in the womb and during life

Front 46

Frosh

Back 46

Boys who valued academic success and were committed to work were often seen as more feminine and teased by other students

Front 47

Mac an Ghail

Back 47

Boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school policing their own and others sexuality

Front 48

Gauntlett

Back 48

Magazines give advice on how to be attractive to people in relation to gender

Front 49

Adkins

Back 49

Womens jobs, particularly in the service sector, are based around sexuality

Front 50

Holm

Back 50

Women play a subordinate role to men in nearly all regions

Front 51

Oakley

Back 51

Describes how children are socialised into their gender identities by their parents in 3 main ways

1: toys

2: nicknames

3: activities such as gendered sports

Front 52

Lees

Back 52

Studied female teachers and found that female peer groups place stress on looking 'right'

Don't dress too sexy or you'll be labelled as a slag

Front 53

Ansley

Back 53

Capitalist society patriarchy benefits the bourgeoisie.

Women are takers of ****

Front 54

Wilkinson

Back 54

Young people are more confident and assertive and take for granted that they can choose their own lifestyles

Front 55

Connel

Back 55

Range of masculine identities in the UK

Hegemonic masculinity-hench/strong

Complicit masculinity-feelings

Subordinate masculinity-homosexuals

Marginalised masculinity-crisis of masculinity

Front 56

Abbot

Back 56

Big shifts in fashion of young men

Keen interest in personal appearance

Pleasure through traditionally female focus on how they look

Front 57

Sharpe

Back 57

1970s-girl focus was marriage and children

1990s-girl focus was education and career

Front 58

Jackson

Back 58

Ladettes

Girls are anti school and anti education

This is to fit in

Afraid of trying and failing so simply don't try

Front 59

Mac an ghail

Back 59

Decline in male jobs

Crisis because men don't know their role anymore

Front 60

Bourdieu

Back 60

Levels of economic, cultural and social capital

Working class at uni feel like a fish out of water

Linked to parents

Front 61

Keddie

Back 61

Teachers perception of children and their social class is often linked

Front 62

Karl marx

Back 62

Religion maintains class inequality

Reinforces and justifies hierarchy and is used to distract the working class from their oppression

Front 63

Mac an ghail

Back 63

Identified peer groups in a school

Based around social classes

Front 64

Feinstein

Back 64

Middle class parents place more emphasis on the importance of education than working class parents do

Front 65

Wilmot and young

Back 65

Working class families value family life more than middle class families

Front 66

Bruce

Back 66

Women tend to be more spiritual than men.

Working class-fortune telling, superstition, astrology, charms ect

Middle class-self healing, meditation, Buddhism, scientology

Front 67

Mooney

Back 67

Invisibility of the upper class

Social closure

Seperate to the rest of the population

Front 68

Marxism

Back 68

Bourgeoisie and proletariat affact your life chances

Bourgeoisie exploit proletariat

Class is crucial in determining life chances

Front 69

Bourdieu

Back 69

Higher classes have more economic capital and social capital.

Front 70

Functionalism

Back 70

Meritocracy

Hard work + ability = reward

Front 71

Palkulski and waters

Back 71

Class is much less of an influence on our identities in today's society

Front 72

Hutton

Back 72

Decline in trade union has eroded working class identity

Front 73

Mcintosh

Back 73

Labelling homosexual men as like feminine means when they come out as gay, they feel the need to fulfill thos expectations

Front 74

Weeks

Back 74

You don't have to be gay to have same sexual encounters

Front 75

Reiss

Back 75

Male prostitutes regard themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money

Front 76

Rich

Back 76

Womens sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society

Enforces compulsory heterosexuality

Women are subordinate which ensures their availability to men

Front 77

Mac an ghail

Back 77

How boys in peer groups at school police their own and others sexuality

Front 78

Models of disability: medical model

Back 78

Sees disability as a medical problem, focuses on limitations caused by impairments

Front 79

Models of disability: social model

Back 79

Social and physical barriers which exist such as building design and access problems

Front 80

Models of disability: IFC

Back 80

Medical and social are not seperate

Front 81

Shakespeare

Back 81

Disabled people are often socialised into this way by seeing themselves through the medical model which is victim blaming

Front 82

Shakespeare

Back 82

Disabled people are often isolated from one another so forming a strong collective identity is difficult

Front 83

Scope survey

Back 83

2/3 felt awkward talking to a disabled person

43% don't know a disabled person

Front 84

Zola

Back 84

De-formed

Dis-eased

Dis-ordered

Ab-normal

In-valid

Front 85

Murugami

Back 85

Disabled person has the ability to construct a self identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it

Front 86

Postman

Back 86

Childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to shield children from various aspects of adulthood

Front 87

Margaret mead

Back 87

Storm and stress associated with youth is culturally specific and not found in all cultures

Front 88

Bradley

Back 88

Middle age has a higher status than youth or old age

Middle age are have the power at work and are running the country

Front 89

Willis

Back 89

Unemployment prevents young people from moving on to adult roles

Front 90

Biggs

Back 90

Sitcoms tend to portray old people as enfeebled, vague, forgetful

Front 91

Muncie

Back 91

Highlights that in the media youth are often presented as troublesome or deviant

Front 92

Sontag

Back 92

Argues that for women in particular, youthfulness is presented in the media as an ideal to live up to

Front 93

Featherstone and hepworth

Back 93

Trends help blur the boundaries of life course

Front 94

Aries

Back 94

Children were historically treated as mini adults but now we have a constructed childhood due to labour laws

Front 95

Mckingsley

Back 95

85+ are a fast growing segment of the population

This is oldest old, which suggests there is a young elderly

Front 96

Johnson & ByTheWay

Back 96

Offensive exercise of power through reference to age

Front 97

Ghumann

Back 97

Asian families socialise children I particular values

Being obedient, loyal, respectful to elders, respect for religion, using mother tongue, obligation to extended kin

Front 98

Archer and francis

Back 98

Chinese families place particular emphasis on the value of education. They make sacrifices to ensure their children are successful at school

Front 99

Spencer et al

Back 99

Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people. In their research one Ukrainian waitress commented that 'they do not let you into their circles'

Front 100

Gillborn

Back 100

Found that despite trying to treat everyone fairly, teachers tended to perceive students differently due to their Ethnicity

Saw black people as threats

Black students more likely punished

Front 101

Cottle

Back 101

Argues that despite a big increase in the representation of ethnic minorities in the media, minorities are still overwhelmingly represented in negative ways

Front 102

Jacobson

Back 102

Points out that young British Pakistanis see being Muslim as more important than being Pakistani or British

Front 103

Sewell

Back 103

Argues that identities of black teenagers is focused upon being hyper male and gangsta in the eyes of peers

Front 104

Hewitt

Back 104

Considers the white backlash against multiculturalism

Front 105

Song

Back 105

Shows how many Chinese living in the UK are employed in food and catering or as doctors

Over a third of NHS are asian

Front 106

Winston james

Back 106

Experience of racism unified the culture and identity of african carribeans in the uk. Hierachy of colour imposed by colonialism

Front 107

Johal

Back 107

Studied second and third generation British Asians and found they adopt a dual identity because they inherit an Asian identity and adopt a British one

Front 108

Ballard

Back 108

Although there are major differences between Asian and mainstream culture, young Asians can navigate between the two cultures with ease

Front 109

Burdsey

Back 109

Studied young British Asian footballers and found that they are strongly influenced by white and black teammates

In particular focused around designer clothes, alcohol and drugs

Front 110

Ghuman

Back 110

Studied Hindu and Sikh girls in the UK and described how they use compartmentalism to cope with pressure from parents and racism I school. At home they dress traditionally and at school they dress English

Front 111

Modood

Back 111

Highlights the degree mixed Ethnicity relationships

2/5 children born with a black parent also have a white parent

Front 112

Cashmore and troyna

Back 112

Argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience

Front 113

Anderson

Back 113

Nation is an imagined community in that members of the nation will never meet most of their fellow members

Front 114

Kumar

Back 114

English find it difficult to say who they are. English identity is elusive

Front 115

Schudsen

Back 115

Individuals learn national identity through shared language, history, traditions and socialisation

Front 116

Hall

Back 116

People construct a sense of national identity through the shared stories of a nations experience

Front 117

Patterson

Back 117

Host immigration model -social inequality is a result of immigrant ethnic minorities failing to assimilate into the host countries norms and values

Front 118

Waters

Back 118

British identity is under threat from things such as trans national companies controlling financial, product and media markets in uk

Front 119

Sardar

Back 119

The world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides such as East vs West and capitalists vs communists, by which we have defined ourselves, have broken down

Front 120

Hall

Back 120

Countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation

1= accept global culture (cultural homogenisation)

2= take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture (cultural hybridity)

3= resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage (cultural resistance)

Front 121

Halsey

Back 121

Growing international homogeneity and the dominance of American culture mean that Britain has lost the distinctiveness that our lives are becoming americanised to the point that Britain is no longer uniquely british