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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology |
The study of the human species an its immediate ancestors. |
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General Anthropology |
The field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological and linguistic anthropology. |
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Ethnography |
Field work in a particular culture. |
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Ethnology |
The theoretical, comparitve study of society and culture; compares cultures in time and space. |
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Holistic |
Interested in the whole of the human condition past, present and future; biology, society, language and culture. |
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Culture |
Traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning. |
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Society |
Organized life in groups; shared with animals |
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Cultural Anthropology |
The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences. |
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Archaeological Anthropology |
The branch of anthropology, commonly known as 'archaeology', that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultual patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory. |
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Biological Anthropology |
Also called 'physical anthropology', the branch of anthropology that studies human biological diversity in time and space -- example: human genetics, human biological adaptation; also includes primatology. |
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Linguistic Anthropology |
The branch of anthropology that studies linguistic variation in time and space, including interrelations between language and culture; includes historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. |
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Applied Anthropology |
The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory and methods to identify, assess ad solve contemporary social problems. |
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What are the four main sub-fields of Anthropology? |
Archaeological, Biological, Cultural and Linguistic |
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What are the major methods of anthropological research? |
Ethnography: method of doing things; long term observation of culture.
Ethnology: comparitive; finds similarites and differences in multiple cultures. |
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What is the relationship between society and culture? |
Society: organized life in groups; shared with animals.
Culture: distinct traditions and customs only amongst humans; learned. |
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What distinction do Gezon and Kottak draw between culture and society? |
People share society - organized life in groups - with other animals, but culture is distinctly human. |
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Enculturation |
The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations. |
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(Cultural) Universal |
Something that exists in every culture.
Example: Biological - long period of infant dependancy, year-round sexuality, complex brain capable of symbol, language and tool use. |
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(Cultural) Gernerality |
Culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies; due to common cultural orgins, colonization, culutral borrowing |
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(Cultural) Particularity |
Distinctive or unique culute trait, pattern, or intergration. Features confined to a single place, culture or society; increasingly more rare due to diffusion; borrowed culture traits modified to adopting culture |
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Cultural Relativism |
The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by Methodological relativism; does not preclude making moral judgements or taking action. |
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Ethnocentricism |
The tendency to view one's own culture as best adn to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards. |
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Human Rights |
Doctrine that involes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Include the right to speak freely, hold religious beliefs without persecution and not to be enslaved. |
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Cultural Rights |
Doctrine that certain rights are vested not in individuls but in identifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic monorities and indogenous societies. |
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Diffusion |
Borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries. |
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Acculturation |
The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct. |
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Independent Invention |
Development of the same culture trait or pattern in sparate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances. |
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Globalization |
A set of processes, including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, that promote change in today's interlinked world.
Example: travel and tourism; high-tech info flows; international media; migration; commerce and finance |
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What are the major characteristics of culture? |
- learned - shared - symbolic - all-encompassing - integrated - adaptive - maladaptive |
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Learned Culture |
Use of symbols; people create, remember adn deal with ideas; appy specific systems of symbolic meaning. |
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Symbolic Culture |
Symbol is something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture, that comes to stand for something else; Often linguistic. |
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Shared Culture |
Share culture by observing, listening, talking and interacting with other people; Enculturations unifies people by providing us with common experiences. |
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All-Encompassing Culture |
Features that are sometimes regarded as trivial or unworthy of serious study, pop culture. All things are culture |
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Integrated Culture |
Patterned system; A set of characteristic core values (key, basic, central values) helps distinguish cultures from one another. |
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Adaptive Culture |
Use of technology or tools to cope with environmental stresses |
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Maladaptive Culture |
Traits that may threaten a group's continued existence.
Examples: technology, tools, policies that encourage overpopulation, poor food-distribution systems, overconsumption, industrial pollution of the environment. |
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What are the differences between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? |
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture; Cultural Relativism is not judging. |
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What are the levels of culture? |
National, International and Subculture |
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Problems with ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. One each. |
Culutral Relativism: Cultures getting away with genocide, early marriages.
Ethnocentrism: Loss of allies, wars |
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Intellectual Property Rights |
A type of group or cultural right that concerns traditional culutral knowledge and how it can or should be used. |
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What are the three cultural changes? |
Diffusion, Acculturation, Independent Invention |
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Informed Consent |
An agreement sought by ethnographers from community member to take part in research. |
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Participant Observation |
A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing and analyzing.
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Interview |
A converstation between two or more people where questions are asked by an interviewer and others answer. |
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Survey |
Quanitative research |
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Interview Schedule |
Ethnographic toold for structuring a formal interview. A prepared form that guides interviews with households or individulas being compared systematically. This contrasts with questionnaire because the researcher has personal contact and records people's answers. |
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Genealogical Method |
Procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols. |
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Cultural Consultant (Informant) |
Someone the ethnographer gets to know in the firld, who teacher him or her about their society and culture. |
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Key Cultural Consultant |
An expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect. |
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Life History |
Of a cultural concultantl provides a personal portrait of existence or change in a culture. |
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Emic |
The research trategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance. |
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Etic |
The research strategy that emphasizes teh observer's rather than the natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance. |
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Sample |
A smaller study groupd chosed to represent a larger population. |
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Salvage Ethnography |
Recording cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization; Malowski. |
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What are the 10 ethnographic techniques? |
1. Observation & Participant Observation 2. Interviews & Conversation 3. Genealogical Method 4. Key Cultural Consultants 5. Life Histories 6. Reflexive Ethnography 7. Problem-Oriented Ethnography 8. Longitudinal Research 9. Team Research 10. Multi-Sited Ethnography |
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Ethnographic Realism |
Style of ethnographic writing that narrates the author's experiences and observations as if the reader was witnessing or experiencing events first hand. |
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Interpretive Anthropology |
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Reflexive Anthropology |
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Ethnographic Present |
The period before Westernization. |
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Reflexive Ethnography |
Experimental writing; personal feelings and reactions |
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Problem-Oriented Ethnography |
Moving away from holistic accounts toward investigation of a specific problem. |
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Longitudinal Research |
Long-term study based on repeated visits. |
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Team Research |
Longitudinal research often involves teams of researchers. |
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Multi-Sited Ethnography |
Cultures interact in important ways with one another & global systems; people simultaneously experience the local and the global |
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What are the ethical issues in Anthropology? |
- Sensitivity to cultural differences - Informed consent - collaboration with local colleagues - "Giving back" to local communities
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What are the obligations & ethical considerations anthropologists deal with in the field? |
- Do no harm - Be open & honest regarding your work - Obtain informed consent & necesary permissions - Weigh competing ethical obligatons due to collaborations & affected parties - Make results accesible - Protect & preserve records - Maintain respectful & ethical professional relations |
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What is the difference between emic and etic? |
Emic: How local people think and what they regard as significant.
Etic: What the observer thinks, rather than native's explinations |
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Call Systems |
Systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in internisty and duration tied to environmental stimuli. |
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Cultural Transmission |
A basic feature of language; transmission through learning. |
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(Linguistic) Productivity |
The ability to use known words to invent new word combinations |
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Kinesics |
The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions. |
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Descriptive Lingustics |
The scientific study of spiken language, including its phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax. |
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Phonology |
The study of speech souds |
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Morphology |
Studies the was sounds comine to form morphemes. |
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Morphemes |
Words and their meaningful parts. |
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Lexicon |
A dictionary containg all a language's morphemes and their meanings |
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Syntax |
The arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences. |
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Phoneme |
A sound contrast that differentiates meaning |
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Phonetics |
The study of speech sounds in general |
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Phonemics |
The study of significant sound contrats (phonemes) in a particular language. |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
Idea that language shapes the way a culture thinks. |
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Focal Vocabulary |
Set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups. |
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Semantics |
A language's meaning system. |
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Sociolinguistics |
Study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of langualge in its social context. |
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Stratification |
Characteristic of a system with socioeconomic strata. |
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Symbolic Domination |
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Diglossia |
The existence of 'high' (formal) and 'low' (familial) dialects of a single language, such as German. |
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Black English Vernecular (BEV) |
Complex linguistic system with its own phonology and syntaz; clear differences from SAE |
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Historical Linguistics |
Studies long-term linguist change; reconstructs past languages by studying contemporary daughter languages. |
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Daughter Languages |
Languages developing out of the same parent language.
Example: French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin. |
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Protolanguage |
Language ancestral to several daughter languages. |
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Language Subgroups |
Languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related. |
