Cultural Anthro Exam 2 (Part 1)

Front 1

Politics

Back 1

Relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, social control, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life

Front 2

Power

Back 2

The ability to exercise one's will over others

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Authority

Back 3

The socially approved use of power

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Neo-Evolutionary view of political systems

Back 4

Societies exist on a spectrum from band, to tribe, to chiefdom, to state. Leaders go from having less power and authority (non-centralized) to having more power and authority sanctioned through various means and backed by enforcement (centralized) Results in differential access to resources (socioeconomic stratification)

Front 5

Tribalism Gets a Bum Rap (Lawrence Rosen)

Back 5

Most people associate tribes with being closed, territorial, pre-modern, and pugnacious. Rosen REJECTS neo-evolutionary scheme. many forms of political organization exist. that tribes may share certain orientations rather than structural forms.

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Tribal ethos

Back 6

Many benefits to the trubal structure including adaptability. They can modify geneology for strategic purposes.

Conventions to prevent domination by one individual or group.

Front 7

How is political power associated with inequality?

Back 7

Socioeconomic status:Political power from wealth

Heredity some families pass along power

Racial classification racial ideologies justify segregation and privilege

Gender ideologies justify barriers to accessing political power

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Hegemony

Back 8

Dominance of one social group over another by means of an ideology that justifies why a stratified social order

Best option is to persuade subordinates to comply with order by convincing them that the arrangement is mutually beneficial

Front 9

Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (James Scott)

Back 9

Provides theoretical framework for studying class relations and resistance.

Shifts focus to subtle everyday peasant resistance which is more prevalent.

Front 10

Real Resistance

Back 10

Organized, systematic, and cooperative. Principled or selfless. Revolutionary consequences

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Incidental Activities

Back 11

Unorganized unsystematic and individual. Opportunistic and 'self-indulgent'. have no revolutionary consequences.

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Everyday resistance

Back 12

"any act of the class that is intended either to mitigate or deny claims made on that class by superordinate classes or to advance its on claims vis-a-vis these superordinate classes"

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Open Defiance

Back 13

Openly challenges property relations

Seeks formal, de jure gians

Examples: tax riot, labor strike, open insult

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Everyday Resistance

Back 14

Does not openly challenge property relations

Seeks tacit, de facto gains

Example: evasion/concealment, shirking slowdowns, spoilage, gossip, nicknames, character assassination

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Formal means of social control

Back 15

Expressed through law as rules and regulations against deviant behavior

conducted by governments and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment

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Informal means of social control

Back 16

Expressed through customs and norms using informal sanctions such as criticism, disapproval, guilt, shaming, discrimination

Exercised without explicitly stating rules

Front 17

Satire

Back 17

Publicaly ridiculing powerful or influential people and organizations. Intended effect: erode status

Front 18

Learning the Nightmare *(Henry)*

Back 18

Schools as institutions of enculturation. American classrooms express the values, preoccupations, and fear found in the culture as a whole.

Front 19

Say "Cheese" (Shearing and Stenning)

Back 19

Mechanisms of control are built into the guest's experience of disneyland. People are subject to direction by signage, robots, and human guidance. Control becomes consensual when guests agree to keep an arrangement of order that complies with disney's rules.

Front 20

Birth of Biometric Security (Maguire)

Back 20

Explores genealogy of biometric security to show it as an "invisible chain that held past populations in strikingly contemporary ways"

Implications of such technologies

Front 21

Foucault's view of governmentality

Back 21

Methods used by governments to produce citizens who act in accordance with the government policies or objectives. The ideologies and techniques through which subjects are governed

Front 22

Race

Back 22

a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences

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Ethnic Group

Back 23

a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities shared amongst members of that group and differences between that gorup and others

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Genotype

Back 24

The genetic constitution of an individual organism

Front 25

Phenotype

Back 25

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Front 26

Racialization

Back 26

Social, economic, and political processes of categorizing populations into races and creating racial meanings

Front 27

Racialized Science

Back 27

The use of scientific techniques to support the hypotheses that biological race is a determinant of social and economic behaviors and outcomes, and that some races are superior to others.

Front 28

Race: What it is Not *(Ruth Benedict)*

Back 28

Many different "races" contributed to the growth of the European culture

Cannot attribute one's cultural achievements to racial superiority.

Nazi's notion of a "Master Race" is nonsense.

Front 29

Ruth Benedict

Back 29

Student of Franz Boas at Columbia University

Proponent of culture and personality school that posits enculturation shapes individual's personality; overlap with psychology.

Contemporary and close companion of Margaret Mead

Front 30

Social construct

Back 30

A category created and developed by people in a society.

A perception of a group that is constructed through cultural and social practice.

Front 31

Race without Color (Jared Diamond)

Back 31

Humans have many differences besides skin color, hair texture and facial features.

Many traits reflect evolutionary adaptations to different environment.

Front 32

Natural Selection

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Certain traits are advantageous in particular environments and are passed on because those with it survive to reproduce

Cold environment- short/stout better for heat conservation

Hot environment- tall and thin better for heat radiation

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Evolution of skin color

Back 33

UV radiation can cause cancer but is needed for Vitamin D synthesis

Melanin blocks radiation- can help prevent cancer but at risk for Vitamin D deficiency

Amount of melanin is an adaptation to low or high UV environments, rather than consequence of race

Front 34

Scientific Consensus on Race

Back 34

People cannot be divided into discrete "types" based on skin color

There has been no reliable way to distinguish one race from another.

RACE IS NOT A SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT!

Front 35

Hypodescent

Back 35

The principle that a child of mixed descent is automatically classified as a minority

White is the standard in the US. Any variation classified as non-White

Front 36

Social Construction of Race

Back 36

Race defined in "culturally arbitrary manner"

As a social construct, race influences how we view ourselves and others

Race can be used as a basis for social stratification

Front 37

Social Stratification

Back 37

Hierarchichal ranking of individuals and groups in any given society. Inequality patterned in such a way that people of one group tend to get more rewards or have higher status than others.

Front 38

Caricatures in Cartoons

Back 38

Media is a means of enculturation. Using cartoons has the potential to cause children to internalize racial stereotypes while being entertained

Front 39

Eugenics

Back 39

From Greek meaning "of good stock". Study and practice of selective breeding in order to improve the quality of the human species.

Front 40

Eugenics movements in the US

Back 40

IQ tests developed in the early 1900s

Compulsory sterilization practiced against those deemed unfit to breed

Belief that heredity plays a most important part in the transmission of crime, idiocy, and imbecility

Front 41

Pioneer Fund

Back 41

Founded in 1937 with the goal of advancing research on "racial betterment"

Funds research to prove that blacks are inferior to whites

Front 42

Racial Determinism

Back 42

The idea that one's race determines their proclivity towards certain behaviors due to innate and genetically determined variables.

Front 43

Inadequacy of IQ tests

Back 43

Tests may be culturally biased or biased towards the class that designs them

Scores are heavily influenced by quality of schooling

They are NOT a reliable measure of innate intelligence

Front 44

Linguistic Profiling (John Baugh)

Back 44

Linguistic profiling based on auditory cues.

Linguistic patterns vary by ethnic group

People judge intelligence and other characteristics based on linguistic patterns

Based on race and economic class

Front 45

Trademarking Racism (Pauline Strong)

Back 45

There are divergent opinions about the use of Native American Mascots

Some feel they honor native cultures and em body team traditions

Others feel they perpetuate stereotypes and revive historical oppression

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Ethnic Group

Back 46

A group in which members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background.

Markers include collective name, belief in common descent, and association with a specific territory.

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Apartheid

Back 47

A system of segregation based on race

Front 48

Intimate Apartheid (Bourgois and Schonberg)

Back 48

Studied ethnic dimensions of habitus among homeless heroin injectors

Identified differences in panhandling strategies and injection methods based on ethnicity societal attitudes towards race

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Habitus

Back 49

"The way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel, and act in determinant ways which then guide them"

Includes behaviors and body comportments associated w/ racial and cultural differences

Front 50

Intimate Apartheid

Back 50

The production and maintenance of dramatic barriers between individuals of different ethnicities who otherwise survive together in close proximity