Culanth Final

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Abner Cohen

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British social anthropologist of th e Manchester school.
Work on informal social organization, and the role of ethnicity and religion in such organization (all can lead to conflict).
Focused on changing significance of traditional kinship

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Affinity

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kinship by marriage or adoption; not blood relative

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Agency

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Concept that each human individual within a culture has the ability to choose by free will his/her actions and beliefs. Innate capacity to think for ourselves. Does not imply that cultural and natural forces are invalid, but rather that they add to the complexity within understanding human behavior within a culture.

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Arjun Appadurai

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Social cultural anthropologist who focuses on modernity and globalization. Views cultural activity as "social imaginary"
The past is a scarce resource

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Social Imaginary

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Arjun Appadurai
Set of values, institutions, and laws of common to a particular social group and its society. The way we represent our collective life.

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Arnold Van Gennep

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French Ethnographer
Major Work: Les Rites de Passage -- systematic comparisons of ceremonies that celebrate an individual's transition from one status to another within a given society.Social regeneration based on symbols of death and rebirth.

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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Argonauts of the Western Pacific
Introduced ethnography -- total immersion in a culture, learning language and living with people.
CULTURE AS A FABRIC

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Communitas

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Unstructured community in which people are equal. Intense feelings of social togetherness and belonging, often in connection with rituals.

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Consanguinal

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Same linear descent -- lineal kin

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Affinal

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Kinship link by marriage (husband, wife)

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Cultural Relativism

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an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of their culture. Also, cultures are relatively equal (Boas)

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Culture and Personality

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approach to anthropology that describes a culture as a personality -- interpretation of experiences guided by symbolic structure which creates personality which is copied into the larger culture (Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead)

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Culture as controversy

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A culture is not a homogenous set of values or behavior NOR is it absolutely different from neighboring cultures. Culture is the manifestation of various cultural conflicts within a society (ie dichotomy between rich and poor)

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David Harvey

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Flexible Capitalism -- corporations are multi-national and move their $$ to places where they can get things cheaply.Contrast between Fordism and Post Fordism.

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Fordism vs. Post Fordism

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David Harvey
Post Fordism: production is an international process
Fordism: locally relative, car is made and put together in one place.

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Diffusionism

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Concept that you can chart history of the world by charting what technologies were invented and where to a particular area or "center"

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WHR Rivers Diffusionism

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Egypt was the center for the whole world

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Fritz Graebner and Wilhelm Schmidt Diffusionism

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Multiple centers

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Edwin Ardener

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British Social anthropologist wrote "Perceiving Women" -- argues that women have been a muted group due to most ethnographers being men and were forced to articulate themselves in a hegemonic male-dominated language.

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Emergent Differences

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James Clifford
The differences between populations are not the same that substantiate their ancestors' imagined communities b/c they change over time. Commonality amongst people due to differing perspectives leads to "emergent differences"

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Emic

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language from the perspective of an insider
"megwa"

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Etic

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objective analysis of a culture's language and terms from the perspective of an outsider
"magic"

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Emile Durkheim

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Religion was the origin of society rather than society was the origin of religion.
Structural Functionalist
Collective Conscience (uniting force)
Social Cooperation is normal and natural

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Entrenched

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Terry Turner: language is not literal, all languages are tropic/figurative to a degree but we're so accustomed to some tropes and metaphors (ie gender) that we don't even notice that they're tropic.

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Ethnographic Thumbnail Sketch

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Veiled Sentiments - Abu Lughod -- form of postmodern ethnography focuses on many aspects of society

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Modern Ethnography

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focuses on one aspect of society

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Postmodern Ethnography

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Multiple aspects of society:
VEILED SENTIMENTS:
* Mode of production (pasturalists)
* Patterns of mobility (sedentary)
* System of government (Balanced Antagonist)
* System of kinship & affinity (patrilineage)
* Post Marital Residence (viripatrilocal)

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Evolutionism

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Lewis Henry Morgan: any given society has gone through/will go through certain stages of evolution based on technology. The notion that culture evolves in a uniform and progressive manner based on technology.

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Ferdinand de Saussure

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Course in general linguistics:
1. Signs are arbitrary, no connection between a word and what it describes
2. Comparisons are arbitrary
3. Binary oppositions are regularly analogous to others (understanding white as the absence of black)

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Fredric Jameson

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Post modernism, cultural consequences of post fordism economy:
whole culture has changed, way people design buildings, imagine lives, we're moving faster than ever. Sign of time as space compression

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Fredrik Barth

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Social anthropologist argued that ethnic groups are less defined by internal homogeneity -- cultures aren't bounded! Matory: person can convert between groups by wearing a different hat.
"Ethics Groups and Boundaries":
Cultural Essentialism vs. Social Constructionism
* Human Ethics group boundaries are based on economic interest

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Fritz Graebner

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Diffusionism -- believed in multiple centers of this diffusion

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Halfie anthropology

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Fieldwork by bicultural anthropologists on a culture to which they partially belong (Abu-Lughod)

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Hegemony

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Antonio Gramsci
Marxist Idea
Its not the elite class that is dictaing beliefs and terms of that which people distribute surplus of that society, its the people that have different degrees of power leadership of dominance

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Hermeneutics of suspicion

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Marxist idea
People cannot immediately tell the workings and subtle nuances of their society, so there is a certain suspicion by Marx of what these people don't tell outright

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Historical Materialsim

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Marx: imagined opposite pairst that converged, only to meet another opposition
* Societies operate more by the division of labor over time
*Different people take different specialization and become independent
* Spme people get upper hand in exchange for services
Workers and bosses get very unequal portions of the profits of their labor and surplus
MAIN DRIVER OF HISTORY IS CLASS CONFLICT

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Historical Teleology

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Anderson, Appadurai
Teleology: idea that we are all moving in one direction

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Huaquiao

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"Overseas Chinese" that are referred to as "bridge builders"
* Used to build economic power in China
* Brings interesting cultural aspects to China that mix Western and Asian ideas (Karaoke)
** Flexible citizenship by Ong

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Husbandarchy

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Abu-Lughod
The husband is the head of the household; this then leads to the inhibition of women and less powerful males, which leads to the idea of veiling or poetic writings that describe feeling

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Ideology

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Barabara Fields -- Race is not a fact but an ideology to explain why blacks are treated so differently
Marxist: Ideology is the idea that people come up with to explain ritual patterns and social routines that they see everyday generate labor relations

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Imagined Communities

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Benedict Anderson:
people see themselves as part of a certain community even if they do not know or are not fully aware of the extensiveness of that community

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Kinship Systems

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STUDY THE CHARTS

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Manchester School

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Social conflict is normal and creates culture.
Isaac Schapera, Max Gluckman, S.F. Nadel, Victor Turner, Abner Cohen
Abner Cohen: Hausa people of Nigeria made living by importing cattle from north and selling to the south.

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Max Weber

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Contested Marx's argument, believes lives aren't just determined by material wealth and is about what YOU value most

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Mestizaje

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Models of mixedness -- a culture is a hybrid of many cultures

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Purism

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Refers to natives in Mexico with "pure" blood (not mixed cultures)

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Michael Foucault/Discourse

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French Philosopher and historian associated with the structuralist and post-structuralist movements.
Discourse is the way the language structures ideas = main structural power within society
Language is structred by the powerful
Post-Modernist thinker
Wrote: History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punishment

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Modernism

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Set of Standards applied to studying a group of people (more rigid way)

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Post Modernism

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More subjective; studying groups on a case-by-case basis because it's hard to follow a strict standard of rules when composing and ethnography.

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Noel Ignatiev

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20th Century -- documented racial classification -- immigrants had not been guaranteed any rights due to their skin color but were considered different from african americans
* wanted to abolish white supremacy

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Nomadism

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Wander around as normal life course

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Oko/Iyawo

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Yoruba terms:
Oko: husband
Iyawo: wife

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On

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On: describes the sense of welcomed obligation by the Japanse to those whom they owe to those in a higher social status -- Ruth Benedict Chrysanthemum and the Sword

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Giri

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Giri: term is defined as "duty" requires the individual to execute and balance his obligations as the highest function of an honorable life.

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Paul Willis

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British cultural theorist
Ethnography on working-class school children and their advancement in English society.
"Learning to Labor" -- lads had an anti authority subculture that transmitted to the workplace

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Postmodernism

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Harvey and Jameson

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Postmodern Ethnography

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Look at the culture being observed and then decide how to construct your ethnography

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Power/Knowledge

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the way that the whole society is under survey and study in categories that classify us and reward us because we're classified in certain ways.
Foucault

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Primordial (in regard to gender)

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Dichotomies between biological terms and socially environmental term. Differences from the beginning of time, sex is something real, hard, fast that determines people's character and behavior.

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Reflexivity

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Refleciton on role of power and discourse in the practice of ethnography, and in other types of non-anthropological investigation (je me regarde -- I look at myself)

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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Thoughts and behavior are determined by language. Language plays a very strong role in the formation of culture. Ex: eskimos have a number of different words for snow, so they understand it differently than we do.

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Segmentation

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a phenomenon discussed by Radcliffe-Brown and illustrated in Evans-Pritchard's The Nuer whereby a person identifies with the largest nested segment of his/her unilineal kin group that also excludes his or her adversary at the moment. Might identify yourself as a Durhamite, North Carolinian, American etc

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Sentiment

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culturally structured feeling, local poetic genres structure people's feelings in different cultural ways -- deepest feelings, emotions are shaped by local idioms -- self expression isn't free

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Shibboleth

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Terms or phrases that contribute to the identification of a person to a certain culture or society.
Refers to the "in-crowd" word or phrase that can be used to distinguish members of a group from outsiders.

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Social constructionism

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The view that people do what they do because of some already existen culture. Language identifies your culture.Culture can actually have an effect on what we're doing.

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Social constructionism

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The sense that people as actors invent their way of thinking and doing things. How the categories created in social interactions (ie sex and gender) arise from politics and economics

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Strong Languages

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stronger and weaker languages; dominant cultures that can dictate opportunity and impose persecution on other practices.
Culture with more powerful group of people and a weaker group of people, the language of the powerful is the strong language.

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Swidden

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slash and burn agriculture -- attributed to primitive people

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Syncretism

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No longer look at cultures as pure, everything is a result of history. JAMES CLIFFORD

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Teleology

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the inevitable end that all socieites are moving towards.

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Terrain

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Marxism: terrain is that people see on the ground -- what they see when they see one seet of workers have rights and another group of workers don't have the same rights -- ideology is the explanation of that terrain

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Time-Space compression

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Idea of ONG (post modernism) view: because humanse are so connected through technology, it makes time seem to compress through the use of communication among long distance locations. Space also seems to be compressed due to the advancement of transportation. DAVID HARVEY

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Ethnographic present

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tendency in the early 20th century anthropology to ignore interactions and obvious changes as a result of colonialism. Writing about a present day population that has already been influenced by global trends as though it were still in its pristine, original, isolated state.

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Invention of tradition

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that the inception of all traditions can be traced back to a date that isn't too far into the past

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patriarchal bargain

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women give men power in exchange for physical protection

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Tylorean/Boasian definition of culture

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Tylor believed that culture is the whole of how people think and behave together. Learned over generations, not biologically determined. Learned daily behaviors. Franz Boas: principles of cultural relativism believes that many customs and beliefs are cultural specific and there is not right or wrong society.

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Transactional psychoendocrinology

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Continual mutual influence between genetic distribution hormones and social experiences shapes human conduct and physiology

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Transhumance

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Seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. Pastoralists

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Transnationalism

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people move regularly in order to obtain jobs/goods. Operating world wide without operating in a specific country.

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Tropes

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devices that are often used to clarify inchoate phenomena in daily speech, poetry, and scholarly analysis. Central to the culture and personality school.

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Undergraduate Cynical

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style coined by Michael Moffeett -- type of discourse