Cti2 Exam Study

Front 1

ATI

Back 1

Asset Tracking Interaction

Front 2

BDA

Back 2

Battle Damage Assessment

Front 3

MASINT

Back 3

Measurement and signature Intelligence

Front 4

Absorption

Back 4

(1) Absorbing light waves. Does not allow any reflection or refraction.
(2) Atmospheric absorption of rf energy with no reflection or refraction (adversely affects long
distance communications).

Front 5

Acoustics

Back 5

The science of Sound

Front 6

Amplitude

Back 6

The portion of a cycle measured from a reference line to a maximum value above (or to
a maximum value below) the line.

Front 7

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

Back 7

The angle between the incident wave and the normal

Front 8

ANGLE OF REFLECTION

Back 8

The angle between the reflected wave and the normal.

Front 9

ANGLE OF REFRACTION

Back 9

The angle between the normal and the path of a wave through the second
medium.

Front 10

ANGSTROM UNIT

Back 10

The unit used to define the wavelength of light waves

Front 11

ANISOTROPIC

Back 11

The property of a radiator to emit strong radiation in one direction

Front 12

ANTENNA

Back 12

A conductor or set of conductors used either to radiate rf energy into space or to collect rf
energy from space.

Front 13

ARRAY OF ARRAYS

Back 13

Same as COMBINATION ARRAY. An array system that uses the characteristics of more than one array.

Front 14

Bay

Back 14

Par of an antenna array

Front 15

BEVERAGE ANTENNA

Back 15

A horizontal, longwire antenna designed for reception and transmission of
low-frequency, vertically polarized ground waves.

Front 16

BIDIRECTIONAL ARRAY

Back 16

An array that radiates in opposite directions along the line of maximum
radiation.

Front 17

BROADSIDE ARRAY

Back 17

An array in which the direction of maximum radiation is perpendicular to the
plane containing the elements.

Front 18

CENTER-FEED METHOD

Back 18

Connecting the center of an antenna to a transmission line, which is then
connected to the final (output) stage of the transmitter.

Front 19

CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE

Back 19

The ratio of voltage to current at any given point on a
transmission line. Represented by a value of impedance.

Front 20

COAXIAL LINE

Back 20

A type of transmission line that contains two concentric conductors.

Front 21

COLLINEAR ARRAY

Back 21

An array with all the elements in a straight line. Maximum radiation is
perpendicular to the axis of the elements.

Front 22

COMBINATION ARRAY

Back 22

An array system that uses the characteristics of more than one array.

Front 23

COMPLEMENTARY (SECONDARY) COLORS OF LIGHT

Back 23

The colors of light produced when
two of the primaries are mixed in overlapping beams of light. The complementary colors of light are
magenta, yellow, and cyan.

Front 24

COMPLEX WAVE

Back 24

A wave produced by combining two or more pure tones at the same time.

Front 25

COMPRESSION WAVES

Back 25

Longitudinal waves that have been compressed (made more dense) as they
move away from the source.

Front 26

CONDUCTANCE

Back 26

The opposite of resistance in transmission lines. The minute amount of resistance
that is present in the insulator of a transmission line

Front 27

CREST (TOP)

Back 27

The peak of the positive alternation (maximum value above the line) of a wave.

Front 28

COUPLING DEVICE

Back 28

A coupling coil that connects the transmitter to the feeder

Front 29

CRITICAL ANGLE

Back 29

The maximum angle at which radio waves can be transmitted and still be
refracted back to earth

Front 30

CURRENT STANDING-WAVE RATIO (ISWR)

Back 30

The ratio of maximum to minimum current along a
transmission line.

Front 31

CYCLE

Back 31

—One complete alternation of a sine wave that has a maximum value above and a maximum
value below the reference line.

Front 32

DAMPING

Back 32

—Reduction of energy by absorption.

Front 33

DENSITY

Back 33

—(1) The compactness of a substance. (2) Mass per unit volume

Front 34

DIFFRACTION

Back 34

—The bending of the paths of waves when the waves meet some form of obstruction.

Front 35

DIPOLE

Back 35

—A common type of half-wave antenna made from a straight piece of wire cut in half. Each
half operates at a quarter wavelength of the output.

Front 36

DIRECTIVITY

Back 36

—The property of an array that causes more radiation to take place in certain directions
than in others.

Front 37

DISPERSION

Back 37

—The refraction of light waves that causes the different frequencies to bend at slightly
different angles.

Front 38

DOPPLER EFFECT

Back 38

—The apparent change in frequency or pitch when a sound source moves either
toward or away from a listener.

Front 39

DRIVEN ELEMENT

Back 39

—An element of an antenna (transmitting or receiving) that is connected directly
to the transmission line.

Front 40

ECHO

Back 40

—The reflection of the original sound wave as it bounces off a distant surface.

Front 41

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Back 41

—The combination of an electric (E) field and a magnetic (H) field.

Front 42

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

Back 42

—Man-made or natural interference that degrades the
quality of reception of radio waves.

Front 43

ELECTRIC (E) FIELD

Back 43

—The field produced as a result of a voltage charge on a conductor or antenna

Front 44

ELEMENT

Back 44

—A part of an antenna that can be either an active radiator or a parasitic radiator

Front 45

FLEXIBLE COAXIAL LINE

Back 45

—A coaxial line made with a flexible inner conductor insulated from the
outer conductor by a solid, continuous insulating material.

Front 46

FREE-SPACE LOSS

Back 46

—The loss of energy of a radio wave because of the spreading of the wavefront as
it travels from the transmitter.

Front 47

FREQUENCY

Back 47

—The number of cycles that occur in one second. Usually expressed in hertz

Front 48

FREQUENCY DIVERSITY

Back 48

—Transmitting (and receiving) of radio waves on two different frequencies
simultaneously.

Front 49

GAIN

Back 49

—The ratio between the amount of energy propagated from an antenna that is directional to the
energy from the same antenna that would be propagated if the antenna were not directional.

Front 50

GROUND-PLANE ANTENNA

Back 50

—A type of antenna that uses a ground plane as a simulated ground to
produce low-angle radiation.

Front 51

GROUND REFLECTION LOSS

Back 51

—The loss of rf energy each time a radio wave is reflected from the
Earth's surface.

Front 52

HARMONIC

Back 52

—A frequency that is a whole number multiple of a smaller base frequency.

Front 53

HORIZONTAL AXIS

Back 53

—On a graph, the straight line axis plotted from left to right.

Front 54

HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED

Back 54

—Waves that are radiated with their E field component parallel to the
Earth's surface.

Front 55

INCIDENT WAVE

Back 55

—(1) The wave that strikes the surface of a medium. (2) The wave that travels from
the sending end to the receiving end of a transmission line.

Front 56

INDUCTION FIELD

Back 56

—The electromagnetic field produced about an antenna when current and voltage
are present on the same antenna

Front 57

INFRASONIC (SUBSONIC)

Back 57

—Sounds below 15 hertz.

Front 58

INPUT IMPEDANCE

Back 58

—The impedance presented to the transmitter by the transmission line and its
load.

Front 59

INTERCEPT

Back 59

—The point where two lines drawn on a graph cross each other.

Front 60

IONOSPHERE

Back 60

—The most important region of the atmosphere extending from 31 miles to 250 miles
above the earth. Contains four cloud-like layers that affect radio waves

Front 61

ISOTROPIC RADIATION

Back 61

—The radiation of energy equally in all directions.

Front 62

LONGITUDINAL WAVES

Back 62

—Waves in which the disturbance (back and forth motion) takes place in
the direction of propagation. Sometimes called compression waves.

Front 63

LUMPED-IMPEDANCE TUNING

Back 63

—The insertion of an inductor or capacitor in series with an antenna
to lengthen or shorten the antenna electrically.

Front 64

MAGNETIC (H) FIELD

Back 64

—The field produced when current flows through a conductor or antenna.

Front 65

MARCONI ANTENNA

Back 65

—A quarter-wave antenna oriented perpendicular to the earth and operated with
one end grounded.

Front 66

MEDIUM

Back 66

—The substance through which a wave travels from one point to the next. Air, water, wood,
etc., are examples of a medium.

Front 67

MULTIELEMENT ARRAY

Back 67

—An array consisting of one or more arrays and classified as to directivity

Front 68

NATURAL HORIZON

Back 68

—The line-of-sight horizon.

Front 69

NODE

Back 69

—The fixed minimum points of voltage or current on a standing wave or antenna.

Front 70

NONRESONANT LINE

Back 70

—A transmission line that has no standing waves of current or voltage.

Front 71

NORMAL

Back 71

—The imaginary line perpendicular to the point at which the incident wave strikes the
reflecting surface. Also called the perpendicular.

Front 72

ORIGIN

Back 72

—The point on a graph where the vertical and horizontal axes cross each other.

Front 73

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

Back 73

—The impedance presented to the load by the transmission line and its source.

Front 74

PARASITIC ELEMENT

Back 74

—The passive element of an antenna array that is connected to neither the
transmission line nor the driven element.

Front 75

PERIOD

Back 75

—The amount of time required for completion of one full cycle.

Front 76

PITCH

Back 76

—A term used to describe the frequency of a sound heard by the human ear

Front 77

PLANE OF POLARIZATION

Back 77

—The plane (vertical or horizontal) with respect to the earth in which the
E field propagates

Front 78

POSITIVE ALTERNATION

Back 78

—The portion of a sine wave above the reference line.

Front 79

POWER STANDING-WAVE RATIO (PSWR)

Back 79

—The ratio of the square of the maximum and
minimum voltages of a transmission line.

Front 80

PRIMARY COLORS (OF LIGHT)

Back 80

—The three primary colors of light (red, green, and blue), from
which all other colors may be derived.

Front 81

RADIATION FIELD

Back 81

—The electromagnetic field that detaches itself from an antenna and travels
through space

Front 82

RADIATION LOSSES

Back 82

—The losses that occur when magnetic lines of force about a conductor are
projected into space as radiation and are not returned to the conductor as the cycle alternates.

Front 83

RADIATION RESISTANCE

Back 83

—The resistance, which if inserted in place of an antenna, would consume
the same amount of power as that radiated by the antenna.

Front 84

RADIO FREQUENCIES

Back 84

—Electromagnetic frequencies that fall between 3 kilohertz and 300 gigahertz
and are used for radio communications.

Front 85

RADIO HORIZON

Back 85

—The boundary beyond the natural horizon in which radio waves cannot be
propagated over the earth's surface. (1/3 farther than line-of-site horizon)

Front 86

RECEIVER

Back 86

—The object that responds to a wave or disturbance. Same as detector

Front 87

RECIPROCITY

Back 87

—The property of interchangeability of the same antenna for transmitting and receiving

Front 88

REFLECTED WAVE

Back 88

—(1) The wave that reflects back from a medium. (2) Waves traveling from the
load back to the generator on a transmission line. (3) The wave moving back to the sending end of a
transmission line after reflection has occurred.

Front 89

REFLECTOR

Back 89

—The parasitic element of an array that causes maximum energy radiation in a direction
toward the driven element.

Front 90

REFRACTION

Back 90

—The changing of direction as a wave leaves one medium and enters another medium of
a different density.

Front 91

RESONANCE

Back 91

—The condition produced when the frequency of vibrations are the same as the natural
frequency (of a cavity). The vibrations reinforce each other

Front 92

REVERBERATION

Back 92

—The multiple reflections of sound waves.

Front 93

SELF-INDUCTION

Back 93

—The phenomenon caused by the expanding and collapsing fields of an electron
which encircles other electrons and retards the movement of the encircled electrons.

Front 94

SHORT-CIRCUITED LINE

Back 94

—A transmission line that has a terminating impedance equal to 0.

Front 95

SKIP DISTANCE

Back 95

—The distance from a transmitter to the point where the sky wave is first returned to
earth

Front 96

SKIP ZONE

Back 96

—A zone of silence between the point where the ground wave becomes too weak for
reception and the point where the sky wave is first returned to earth.

Front 97

SKY WAVES

Back 97

—Radio waves reflected back to earth from the ionosphere

Front 98

SPECTRUM

Back 98

—(1) The entire range of electromagnetic waves. (2) VISIBLE. The range of
electromagnetic waves that stimulate the sense of sight. (3) ELECTROMAGNETIC. The entire
range of electromagnetic waves arranged in order of their frequencies.

Front 99

SPORADIC E LAYER

Back 99

—Irregular cloud-like patches of unusually high ionization. Often forms at
heights near the normal E layer.

Front 100

STANDING-WAVE RATIO (SWR)

Back 100

—The ratio of the maximum (voltage, current) to the minimum
(voltage, current) of a transmission line. Measures the perfection of the termination of the line.

Front 101

SURFACE WAVE

Back 101

—A radio wave that travels along the contours of the earth, thereby being highly
attenuated.

Front 102

TEMPERATURE INVERSION

Back 102

—The condition in which warm air is formed above a layer of cool air
that is near the earth's surface.

Front 103

TRANSLUCENT

Back 103

—A type of substance, such as frosted glass, through which some light rays can pass
but through which objects cannot be seen clearly

Front 104

TRANSPARENT

Back 104

—A type of substance, such as glass, that transmits almost all of the light waves that
fall upon it.

Front 105

TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS

Back 105

—The various types of lines and waveguides used as transmission lines.

Front 106

TROPOSPHERE

Back 106

—The portion of the atmosphere closest to the earth's surface, where all weather
phenomena take place.

Front 107

TROUGH (BOTTOM)

Back 107

—The peak of the negative alternation (maximum value below the line).

Front 108

TURNSTILE ANTENNA

Back 108

—A type of antenna used in vhf communications that is omnidirectional and
consists of two horizontal half-wave antennas mounted at right angles to each other in the same
horizontal plane.

Front 109

TWISTED PAIR

Back 109

—A line consisting of two insulated wires twisted together to form a flexible line
without the use of spacers.

Front 110

UNIDIRECTIONAL ARRAY

Back 110

—An array that radiates in only one general direction. (The opposite of this is an omnidirectional or multidirectional array)

Front 111

UNTUNED LINE

Back 111

—Another name for the flat or nonresonant line.

Front 112

VERTICALLY POLARIZED

Back 112

—Waves radiated with the E field component perpendicular to the earth's
surface.

Front 113

VOLTAGE STANDING-WAVE RATIO (VSWR)

Back 113

—The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage of a
transmission line.

Front 114

VELOCITY

Back 114

—The rate at which a disturbance travels through a medium

Front 115

WAVEGUIDE

Back 115

—A hollow metal tube used as a transmission line to guide energy from one point to
another.

Front 116

WAVELENGTH

Back 116

—(1) The distance in space occupied by 1 cycle of a radio wave at any given instant.
(2) The distance a disturbance travels during one period of vibration.

Front 117

AMPLITUDE

Back 117

—Used to represent values of electrical current or voltage. The greater its height,
the greater the value it represents

Front 118

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Back 118

—Any method of varying the amplitude of an electromagnetic
carrier frequency in accordance with the intelligence to be transmitted

Front 119

ANGLE MODULATION

Back 119

—Modulation in which the angle of a sine-wave carrier is varied by a
modulating wave.

Front 120

BANDWIDTH

Back 120

—The section of the frequency spectrum that specific signals occupy.

Front 121

BASE-INJECTION MODULATOR

Back 121

—Similar to control-grid modulator. Gain of a transistor is
varied by changing the bias on its base.

Front 122

BLOCKED-GRID KEYING

Back 122

—A method of keying in which the bias is varied to turn plate
current on and off.

Front 123

BUFFER

Back 123

—A voltage amplifier used between the oscillator and power amplifier

Front 124

CARRIER FREQUENCY

Back 124

—The assigned transmitter frequency

Front 125

CATHODE KEYING

Back 125

—A system in which the cathode circuit is interrupted so that neither grid
current nor plate current can flow.

Front 126

CHANNEL

Back 126

—Carrier frequency assignment usually with a fixed bandwidth.

Front 127

COLLECTOR-INJECTION MODULATOR

Back 127

—Transistor equivalent of plate modulator.
Modulating voltage is applied to collector circuit.

Front 128

COMPLEX WAVE

Back 128

—A wave composed of two or more parts.

Front 129

CONTINUOUS-WAVE KEYING

Back 129

—The "on-off" keying of a carrier.

Front 130

CONTROL-GRID MODULATOR

Back 130

—Uses a variation of grid bias to vary the instantaneous
plate voltage and current. The modulating signal is applied to the control grid.

Front 131

CUSPS

Back 131

—Sharp phase reversals.

Front 132

CYCLE

Back 132

—360 degree rotation of a vector generating a sine wave.

Front 133

DEMODULATION

Back 133

—The removal of intelligence from a transmission medium.

Front 134

DIODE DETECTOR

Back 134

—A simple type of crystal receiver.

Front 135

EMITTER-INJECTION MODULATOR

Back 135

—The transistor equivalent of the cathode modulator.
The gain is varied by changing the voltage on the emitter.

Front 136

FINAL POWER AMPLIFIER (fpa)

Back 136

—The final stage of amplification in a transmitter.

Front 137

FREQUENCY DEVIATION

Back 137

—The amount the frequency departs from the carrier frequency.

Front 138

FREQUENCY MODULATION (fm)

Back 138

—Angle modulation in which the modulating signal
causes the carrier frequency to vary. The amplitude of the modulating signal determines how
far the frequency changes and the frequency of the modulating signal determines how fast
the frequency changes.

Front 139

FREQUENCY

Back 139

—The rate at which the vector that generates a sine wave rotates.

Front 140

FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING (fsk)

Back 140

—Frequency modulation somewhat similar to
continuous-wave (cw) keying in AM transmitters. The carrier is shifted between two
differing frequencies by opening and closing a key.

Front 141

GATED-BEAM DETECTOR

Back 141

—An fm demodulator that uses a special gated-beam tube to
limit, detect, and amplify the received fm signal. Also known as a quadrature detector.

Front 142

HETERODYNING

Back 142

—Mixing two frequencies across a nonlinear impedance.

Front 143

INSTANTANEOUS AMPLITUDE

Back 143

—The amplitude at any given point along a sine wave at a
specific instant in time.

Front 144

INTERMEDIATE POWER AMPLIFIER (ipa)

Back 144

—The amplifier between the oscillator and
final power amplifier.

Front 145

KEY CLICKS

Back 145

—Interference in the form of "clicks" or "thumps" caused by the sudden
application or removal of power.

Front 146

LINEAR IMPEDANCE

Back 146

—An impedance in which a change in current through a device changes
in direct proportion to the voltage applied to the device.

Front 147

LOWER SIDEBAND

Back 147

—All difference frequencies below that of the carrier.

Front 148

MACHINE KEYING

Back 148

—A method of cw keying using punched tape or other mechanical means
to key a transmitter.

Front 149

MARK

Back 149

—An interval during which a signal is present. Also the presence of an rf signal in cw
keying. The key-closed condition (presence of data) in communications systems.

Front 150

MASTER OSCILLATOR POWER AMPLIFIER (MOPA)

Back 150

—A transmitter in which the
oscillator is isolated from the antenna by a power amplifier.

Front 151

MODULATED WAVE

Back 151

—A complex wave consisting of a carrier and a modulating wave that is
transmitted through space.

Front 152

MODULATION FACTOR (M

Back 152

)—An indication of relative magnitudes of the rf carrier and the
audio-modulating signal.

Front 153

MODULATION

Back 153

—The ability to impress intelligence upon a transmission medium, such as radio
waves.

Front 154

OVERMODULATION

Back 154

—A condition that exists when the peaks of the modulating signal are
limited.

Front 155

PERIOD

Back 155

—The duration of a waveform

Front 156

PHASE MODULATION (pm)

Back 156

—Angle modulation in which the phase of the carrier is
controlled by the modulating waveform. The amplitude of the modulating wave determines
the amount of phase shift and the frequency of the modulation determines how often the
phase shifts.

Front 157

PHASE-SHIFT KEYING

Back 157

—Similar to ON-OFF cw keying in AM systems and frequency-shift
keying in fm systems. Each time a mark is received, the phase is reversed. No phase reversal
takes place when a space is received.

Front 158

PULSE DURATION (pd)

Back 158

—The period of time during which a pulse is present.

Front 159

PULSE MODULATION

Back 159

—A form of modulation in which one of the characteristics of a pulse
train is varied.

Front 160

PULSE WIDTH (pw)

Back 160

—The period of time during which a pulse occurs.

Front 161

PULSE-AMPLITUDE MODULATION (pam)

Back 161

—Pulse modulation in which the amplitude of
the pulses is varied by the modulating signal.

Front 162

PULSE-DURATION MODULATION (pdm)

Back 162

—Pulse modulation in which the time duration
of the pulses is changed by the modulating signal.

Front 163

REACTANCE TUBE

Back 163

—A tube connected in parallel with the tank circuit of an oscillator.
Provides a signal that will either lag or lead the signal produced by the tank.

Front 164

SHUNT

Back 164

—Means the same as parallel or to place in parallel with other components.

Front 165

SIGNAL DISTORTION

Back 165

—Any unwanted change to the signal.

Front 166

SPACE

Back 166

—Absence of an rf signal in cw keying. Key-open condition or lack of data in
communications systems. Also a period of no signal.

Front 167

UPPER SIDEBAND

Back 167

—All of the sum frequencies above the carrier

Front 168

WAVELENGTH

Back 168

—The physical dimension of a sine wave.

Front 169

APOGEE

Back 169

—The point in the orbit of a satellite the greatest distance from the earth.

Front 170

ASSEMBLY

Back 170

—A number of parts or subassemblies, or any combination thereof, joined together to
perform a specific function.

Front 171

ASYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

Back 171

—One where the satellite does not rotate or move at the same speed as the
earth.

Front 172

AUDIO FREQUENCY TONE SHIFT

Back 172

—A system that uses amplitude modulation to change dc mark
and space impulses into audio impulses.

Front 173

BALANCED PHASE DETECTOR

Back 173

—A circuit that controls the oscillator frequency (afc).

Front 174

BAUD

Back 174

—A measurement of speed based on the number of code elements or units per second.

Front 175

CODE

Back 175

—In teletypewriter operation, code is a combination of mark and space conditions representing
symbols, figures, or letters.

Front 176

COHERENT

Back 176

—Radiation on one frequency.

Front 177

COMPARATOR

Back 177

—An equipment that compares incoming signals and selects the strongest to be fed to a
teletypewriter through a patch panel. This is used in diversity operation.

Front 178

CONVERTER

Back 178

—An equipment that changes the audio output of a receiver to dc pulses. These pulses are
fed to a tty to indicate marks and spaces.

Front 179

DETECTION

Back 179

—The separation of low-frequency (audio) intelligence from the high (radio) frequency
carrier.

Front 180

DOUBLING UP

Back 180

—This is a type of two-equipment installation where one unit can be substituted for
another in the event of failure.

Front 181

DOWN LINK

Back 181

—The frequency used to transmit an amplified signal from the satellite back to earth.

Front 182

DUMMY LOAD`

Back 182

—A nonradiating device that absorbs the rf and has the impedance characteristics of the
antenna.

Front 183

ECLIPSE

Back 183

—This occurs when the satellite is not in view or in direct line of sight with the sun. This
happens when the earth is between them.

Front 184

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

Back 184

—A term used to describe the degradation of a receiver or
system

Front 185

EPHEMERIS

Back 185

—A table showing the precalculated position of a satellite at any given time

Front 186

FACSIMILE

Back 186

—The method for transmitting and receiving still images. These images can be maps,
photographs, and handwritten or printed text.

Front 187

FIDELITY

Back 187

—The ability of a receiver to accurately reproduce, at its output, the signal at its input

Front 188

FRAMING

Back 188

—The process of synchronizing a facsimile receiver to a transmitter. This allows proper
picture reproduction

Front 189

FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Back 189

—Multiplexing that transmits and receives the full 360
degrees of each sine wave.

Front 190

FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

Back 190

—A frequency source of high accuracy.

Front 191

GANGED TUNING

Back 191

—The process used to tune two or more circuits with a single control.

Front 192

HARMONIC

Back 192

—An exact multiple of the fundamental frequency. Even harmonics are 2, 4, and so on,
times the fundamental. Odd are 3, 5, and so on, times the fundamental frequency.

Front 193

HELIX

Back 193

—A large coil of wire. It acts as a coil and is used with variable inductors for impedance
matching of high-power transmitters.

Front 194

INCLINED ORBIT

Back 194

—Orbits where there is some amount of inclination. These include equatorial and
polar orbits.

Front 195

LASER

Back 195

—An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Front 196

MEDIUM ALTITUDE ORBIT

Back 196

—An orbit from 2,000 to 12,000 miles above the earth. The rotation rate
of the earth and satellite are quite different, and the satellite moves quickly across the sky.

Front 197

MULTICOUPLERS

Back 197

—Couplers patch receivers or transmitters to antennas. They also filter out
harmonics and spurious responses, and impedance-match the equipment.

Front 198

MULTIPLEXING

Back 198

—A method for simultaneous transmission of two or more signals over a common
carrier wave

Front 199

NEAR SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

Back 199

—An orbit in which the satellite rotates close to but not exactly at the
same speed as the earth.

Front 200

NOISE SILENCER, NOISE SUPPRESSOR, OR NOISE LIMITER

Back 200

—Circuits that clip the peaks of
the noise spikes in a receiver.

Front 201

ORDER-WIRE CIRCUIT

Back 201

—A circuit between operators used for operations control and coordination.

Front 202

PASSIVE SATELLITE

Back 202

—A satellite that reflects radio signals back to earth

Front 203

PERFORATOR

Back 203

—A device that stores a teletypewriter message on a paper tape. It may be stored for
later transmission.

Front 204

PERIGEE

Back 204

—The point in the orbit of a satellite closest to the earth.

Front 205

POLAR ORBIT

Back 205

—An orbit that has an angle of inclination of or near 90 degrees.

Front 206

RADIO FREQUENCY CARRIER SHIFT

Back 206

—The system that uses a keyer to shift a radio frequency
signal above or below an assigned frequency. These shifts correspond to marks and spaces.

Front 207

RECEPTION

Back 207

—The instant when an electromagnetic wave passes through a receiver antenna and
induces a voltage in that antenna.

Front 208

RUNNING OPEN

Back 208

—The teletypewriter condition where the type hammer constantly strikes the type box
but does not print or move across the page

Front 209

SCANNING

Back 209

—The process of subdividing a picture in an orderly manner into segments. This is used in
facsimile transmission.

Front 210

SCANNING

Back 210

—The ability of a receiver to select the desired signal and reject unwanted signals

Front 211

SENSITIVITY

Back 211

—The ability of a receiver to reproduce very weak signals. The greater the receiver
sensitivity, the weaker the signal that will be reproduced.

Front 212

SUPPRESSION

Back 212

—The process of eliminating an undesired portion of a signal.

Front 213

SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

Back 213

—An orbit in which the satellite moves or rotates at the same speed as the
earth.

Front 214

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Back 214

—The transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writings,
images, or sounds. This is done by visual, oral, wire, radio, or other electromagnetic means

Front 215

TEMPEST

Back 215

—A term normally used to describe compromising emanations. These emanations are
unintentionally radiated signals that could disclose classified information.

Front 216

TOP-HAT

Back 216

—An antenna that is center-fed and capacitively loaded.

Front 217

TRANSITION

Back 217

—The time it takes to shift from a mark to a space condition or from a space to a mark
condition.

Front 218

UP LINK

Back 218

—The frequency used to transmit a signal from earth to a satellite.

Front 219

ZONE OF MUTUAL VISIBILITY

Back 219

—The area where the satellite can be seen by both the up- and
down-link earth terminals.

Front 220

Access

Back 220

The ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified
information. An individual, in fact, may have access to
classified information by being in a place where such
information is kept, if the security measures that are in force
do not prevent the individual from gaining knowledge of such
information.

Front 221

Access Authorization

Back 221

A formal determination that a person meets the personnel
security requirements for access to classified information of a
specified type or types.

Front 222

Account Manager

Back 222

The individual responsible for establishing local JPAS access
and monitoring and controlling system access thereafter. The
security manager is unusually the JPAS account manager.

Front 223

ACES

Back 223

The Automated Continuous Evaluation System is a Defense Security
Service managed tool for querying automated national and local
record sources for security significant information regarding
DoD employees determined to be eligible for access to classified
information or assignment to sensitive duties.

Front 224

Adjudication

Back 224

The process of an examination of a sufficient amount of
information regarding an individual to determine whether the
individual is an acceptable security risk. A determination that
a person is an acceptable security risk equates to a
determination of eligibility for access to classified
information and/or sensitive duty assignment.

Front 225

Adverse Action

Back 225

A removal from employment, suspension from employment of more
than 14 days, reduction in grade, reduction in pay, or furlough
of 30 days or less.

Front 226

Break-in-Service

Back 226

When continuous service is disrupted for a period of time
greater than 24 months. See Continuous Service.

Front 227

Classification Management

Back 227

A discipline which seeks to ensure that official information is
classified only when required in the interest of national
security, is properly identified and retains the classification
assigned only as long as necessary.

Front 228

Communications Security (COMSEC)

Back 228

The protective measures taken to deny unauthorized persons
information derived from telecommunications of the United States
government related to national security and to ensure the
authenticity of such communications.

Front 229

Compelling Need

Back 229

A senior official's (or designee's) signed determination, based
upon an assessment of risk, that a person's services are
essential to accomplishing an operation or mission. (See
waiver.)

Front 230

Compromise

Back 230

A security violation that has resulted in confirmed or suspected
exposure of classified information or material to an
unauthorized person. A compromise is considered confirmed when
conclusive evidence exists that classified material was
compromised. A compromise is considered suspected when some
evidence exists that classified material has been subjected to
compromise.

Front 231

Counterintelligence

Back 231

Counterintelligence means information gathered and activities
conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence
activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on
behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons, or
international terrorist activities, but not including personnel,
physical, document, or communications security programs.

Front 232

CNWDI

Back 232

Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information: Top secret restricted data or secret restricted data pertaining to nuclear weaponry.

Front 233

DCII

Back 233

Defense Central Index of Investigations: DCII is the single, automated, central
DoD repository that identifies investigations conducted by DoD
investigative agencies.

Front 234

Deliberate Compromise

Back 234

Any intentional act done with the intent of conveying classified
information to any person not officially authorized to receive
it.

Front 235

ENTNAC

Back 235

Entrance National Agency Check:An FBI fingerprint check conducted on first term military
enlistees

Front 236

e-Qip

Back 236

The Electronic Questionnaires for Investigations Processing is a
software system developed by OPM which allows applicants to
electronically enter, update, and transmit their personal
investigative data over a secure Internet connection to their

Front 237

Deviation

Back 237

Clearance or SCI access granted or continued
despite either a significant gap in coverage or scope in the
investigation or an out-of-date investigation.

Front 238

FAD

Back 238

Facility Access Determination: A process whereby commanding officers may request personnel security investigations and review the results to determine whether to allow the identified person(s) access to facilities (Authority drawn from the Internal Security Act of 1950)

Front 239

Incident Report

Back 239

A report of developed issue information forwarded to the CAF
through JPAS.

Front 240

Local Agency Checks (LAC)

Back 240

A check of civilian law enforcement, criminal, civil courts,
etc., where an individual has resided or been employed within
the scope of an investigation. This check can only be
accomplished by either the DSS or OPM

Front 241

Local Records Checks (LRC)

Back 241

A command review of available personnel, medical, legal,
security, base/military police and other command records. A
review of local civilian law enforcement records, the National
Crime Information Center (NCIC), and the servicing NCIS office is prohibited

Front 242

NISP

Back 242

National Industrial Security Program: National program to safeguard classified information that is
released to contractors, licensees, and grantees of the US
Government. The NISP is a single, integrated, cohesive
industrial security program to protect classified information
and preserve US economic and technological interests.

Front 243

PSI

Back 243

Personnel Security Investigations: Any investigation conducted for the purpose of determining the
eligibility of DoD military and civilian personnel, contractor
employees, consultants, and other persons affiliated with the
DoD, for access to classified information, acceptance or
retention in the Armed Forces, assignment or retention in
sensitive duties, or other designated duties or access requiring
such investigation. PSIs are conducted for the purpose of
making initial personnel security determinations and to resolve
allegations that may arise subsequent to a favorable personnel
security determination to ascertain an individual's continued
eligibility for access to classified information or assignment
or retention in a sensitive position.

Front 244

PSAB

Back 244

The Personnel Security Appeals Board (PSAB) is the appellate
authority for appeals of unfavorable DON CAF eligibility
determinations.

Front 245

Scope

Back 245

The time period to be covered and the sources of information to
be obtained during the prescribed course of a PSI.

Front 246

SMO

Back 246

Security Management Office: For purposes of JPAS, a Security Management Office is a local
entity that has personnel security management jurisdiction.

Front 247

Security Violation

Back 247

Any failure to comply with the regulations for the protection
and security of classified material.

Front 248

SCI

Back 248

Sensitive Compartmented Information:
Classified information concerning or derived from intelligence
sources, methods, or analytical processes, which is required to
be handled within formal access control systems established by
the Director of Central Intelligence.

Front 249

Sensitive Information

Back 249

Any information the loss, misuse, or unauthorized access to or
modification of which could adversely affect the national
interest or the conduct of Federal programs, or the privacy to
which individuals are entitled under section 552a of title 5,
United States Code (the Privacy Act), but which has not been
specifically authorized under criteria established by executive
order or an Act of Congress to be kept secret in the interest of
national defense or foreign policy. This includes information
in routine DON payroll, finance, logistics, inventory, and
personnel management systems. Examples include FOUO,
Unclassified Technical Data, State Sensitive but Unclassified
(SBU), or Foreign Government information.

Front 250

SSBI

Back 250

Single Scope Background Investigation (SSBI)
A personnel security investigation which provides extensive
information regarding an individual, gathered from people and
places where the individual has lived or worked. The period of
investigation for a SSBI is variable, ranging from 3 years for
neighborhood checks to 10 years for local agency checks. No
investigative information will be pursued regarding an
individual's life prior to their 16th birthday.

Front 251

SAP

Back 251

Special Access Program (SAP)
A program established under DoD Directive 0-5205.7, for a
specific class of classified information that imposes
safeguarding and access requirements that exceed those normally
required for information at the same classification level.

Front 252

SII

Back 252

Special Investigative Inquiry (SII)
A DSS term that is no longer used in the clearance investigative
process. The current OPM term is RSI.

Front 253

SBU

Back 253

State Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU)
Sensitive information that originated from the Department of
State (DoS) that has been determined to be SBU under appropriate
DoS information security policies

Front 254

Unfavorable Administrative Action

Back 254

Action taken as the result of an unfavorable personnel security
determination including a denial or revocation of security
clearance eligibility; denial or revocation of access to
classified information, denial or revocation of a SAP or SCI
access authorization; non-appointment to or non-selection to a
sensitive position.

Front 255

Unauthorized Disclosure

Back 255

A communication or physical transfer of classified information
to an unauthorized recipient

Front 256

ACCM

Back 256

Alternative Compensatory Control Measures (ACCM) – Used when an
Original Classification Authority (OCA) determines that other
security measures (as detailed in this instruction) are
insufficient for establishing "need-to-know" for classified
information, and where Special Access Program (SAP) controls are
not warranted. The purpose of ACCM is to strictly enforce the
"need-to-know" principle.

Front 257

Assist Visit

Back 257

- The informal assessment of the security posture
of a command to be used as a self-help tool.

Front 258

Associated Markings

Back 258

- The classification authority, office of
origin, warning notices, intelligence and other special control
markings, and declassification/downgrading instructions of a
classified document.

Front 259

Code Word

Back 259

- A single classified word assigned a classified
meaning by appropriate authority to ensure proper security
concerning intentions and to safeguard information pertaining to
actual, real-world military plans or operations classified
Confidential or higher.

Front 260

CSO

Back 260

Cognizant Security Office (CSO) - An office functioning on
behalf of the Cognizant Security Agency responsible for
establishing an industrial security program for the purpose of
safeguarding classified information disclosed or released to
U.S. industry. A CSO is designated for each contract issued by
the Cognizant Security Agency.

Front 261

Collateral Information

Back 261

- Information identified as NSI under the
provisions of E.O. 12958, as Amended, but which is not subject
to enhanced security protection required for SAP or other
compartmented information.

Front 262

Compromise

Back 262

- An unauthorized disclosure of classified
information to one or more persons who do not possess a current
valid security clearance.

Front 263

Confidential

Back 263

– A classification level applied to information,
the unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be
expected to cause damage to the national security, that the OCA
is able to identify or describe (E.O. 12598, as Amended).

Front 264

CSS

Back 264

Constant Surveillance Service (CSS) - A transportation
protective service provided by a commercial carrier qualified by
the SDDC to transport classified shipments.

Front 265

Counterintelligence (CI)

Back 265

- Intelligence activity, with its
resultant product, intended to detect, counteract, and/or
prevent espionage and other clandestine activities, sabotage,
international terrorist activities, or assassinations.

Front 266

Cryptanalysis

Back 266

- The analysis of encrypted messages; the steps or
processes involved in converting encrypted messages into plain
text without initial knowledge of the system of key employed in
the encryption.

Front 267

Cryptography

Back 267

- The branch of cryptology that treats the
principles, means, and methods of designing and using
cryptosystems.

Front 268

Cryptology

Back 268

- The branch of knowledge that treats the principles
of cryptography and cryptanalysis; and the activities involved
in SIGINT and maintaining COMSEC.

Front 269

Declassification Authority

Back 269

- The official who authorizes
original classification, if that official is still serving in
the same position; the originator's current successor in
function; a supervisory official of either; or officials
delegated declassification authority, in writing, by the agency
head or the senior agency official.

Front 270

Derivative Classification

Back 270

- The incorporating, paraphrasing,
restating, or generating, in new form, information that is
already classified and ensuring that it continues to be
classified by marking or similar means when included in newly
created material.

Front 271

Downgrading

Back 271

- The determination by an approved authority that
information classified at a specific level requires a lower
degree of protection, therefore, reducing the classification to
a lower level.

Front 272

EKMS

Back 272

Electronic Key Management System (EKMS)- Consists of four tiers
designed to provide an integrated, end-to-end key management,
and Communications Security (COMSEC) material generation,
distribution, and accounting system for the Department of
Defense (DoD) and civilian agencies.

Front 273

Information Security (INFOSEC)

Back 273

- The system of policies, procedures, and
requirements established under the authority of E.O. 12958, as
Amended, to protect information that, if subjected to
unauthorized disclosure, could reasonably be expected to cause
damage to the national security.

Front 274

Information Assurance

Back 274

- Measures that protect and defend
information and information systems by ensuring their
availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and
non-repudiation. This includes providing for the restoration of
information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and
reaction capabilities.

Front 275

Information Assurance Manager (IAM)

Back 275

- Responsible for the
information assurance program for a DON information system or
organization. This individual is responsible for creating the
site accreditation package. The IAM functions as the Command's
focal point on behalf of and principal advisor for IA matters to
the Designated Approving Authority (DAA). The IAM reports to
the DAA and implements the overall IA program. Previously
called the Information Systems Security Manager (ISSM) and ADP
Systems Security Officer (ADPSSO)

Front 276

Information Assurance Officer (IAO)

Back 276

- Implements and enforces
system-level IA controls in accordance with program and policy
guidance. Previously called the Information Systems Security
Officer (ISSO).

Front 277

Infraction

Back 277

- Any knowing, willful, or negligent action contrary
to the requirements of E.O. 12958, as Amended, or its
implementing directives that does not comprise a "violation."

Front 278

Nickname

Back 278

- A combination of two separate unclassified words,
assigned an unclassified meaning that is employed for
unclassified, administrative, morale, or public information
purposes.

Front 279

NATO

Back 279

– A military alliance
of 26 countries from North America and Europe.

Front 280

OCA

Back 280

Original Classification Authority (OCA) - An official authorized
in writing, either by the President, an agency head, or other
official designated by the President "to classify information
originally" or "to make an original classification decision."

Front 281

Preliminary Inquiry (PI)

Back 281

The "initial" process to determine
the facts surrounding a possible loss or compromise.

Front 282

PPP

Back 282

Program Protection Plan

Front 283

RANKIN

Back 283

Retrieval and Analysis of Navy K(C)lassified INformation
(RANKIN) PROGRAM – Provides for the standardization, centralized
management, and issuance of all DON security classification
guides (SCGs) and maintenance of historical files for all DON
SCGs.

Front 284

Safeguarding

Back 284

Measures and controls prescribed to protect
classified information.

Front 285

SIGINT

Back 285

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) - Intelligence information
comprising either individually or in combination all
communications intelligence, electronics intelligence, and
foreign instrumentation signals intelligence, however
transmitted.

Front 286

Telecommunications -

Back 286

The preparation, transmission, or
communication of information by electronic means.

Front 287

Top Secret

Back 287

- A classification level applied to information, the
unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to
cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security, that
the OCA is able to identify or describe (E.O. 12598, as
Amended).