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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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reticulocyte
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not fully matured RBCs - contain remnants of cell organelles but are competent to carry gases
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erythrocytes
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no nucleus, not motile, no granules
gas transport contains hemoglobin - slippery, allows blood cells to easily slide through small capillaries - gets sludgy in sickle cell so RBCs get hung up and can't pass |
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platelets
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no nucleus, not motile, contain granules with growth and clotting factors, have cytoskeletal components
anti-hemorrhagic agents - after a clot is formed, more platelets will retract the clot and it will be digested - when activated, they are put on tendrils, becoming very sticky and can easily aggregate and plug a hole in a vessel wall |
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neutrophil (aka polymorphonuclear leukocyte)
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anti-bacterial agent - microphages
nucleus has many lobes (more = older) very faint granules can see a barr body (inactive x chromosome in a female) on the nucleus have Fc receptors that bind the invariable part of antibodies which help bring pathogen into cell via phagocytosis. digest pathogen, eventually die and get cleaned up |
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basophil
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vasoactive agent - dilates venules and increases fluid outflow
can't see nucleus because there are so many dark staining granules that contain heparin, histamine etc involved in allergic reactions similar to mast cells but come from different progenitors |
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eosinophil
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anti-basophil agent - secrete enzymes that break down whatever basophils released
also has anti parasite activity nucleus always has two lobes - granules usually stain pink/red (crystalloid content - peroxidases) |
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monocyte
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source of tissue macrophages (monocytes are limited to the blood)- clear up dead neutrophils (puss)
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lymphocyte
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anti foreign material agent (B type)
anti foreign cell agent (T type and natural killer cell) |
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clot formation and dissolution
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platelet thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. platelet plasminogen activator converts plasminogen to plasmin, which dissolves clots
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plasma cells
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make antibodies
nucleus is off to the side, lots of RER and a prominent golgi |
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sites of hematopoiesis during gestation
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yolk sac = primitive, liver = definitive, spleen, bone marrow
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parenchyma
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"business" part of any organ - gives organs properties that make it that organ
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megakaryocytes
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large cells in bone marrow - the nucleus has divided and copied itself but the cytoplasm has not - make platelets via proplatelet process
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perivascular stromal cells
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secrete factors important for developing blood cells
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fatty marrow
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found in long bone - in the adult, it has a decent number of stem cells and can sort of make blood cells but this only happens in a very acute situation where other capabilities have been depleted
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stem cell
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looks like a large lymphocyte - huge nucleus with a lot of euchromatin
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myoepithelial cells
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located near glands - not technically muscle but they contract - help push mucus into duct and out of cell
IFs = keratins |
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involuntary muscle
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smooth and cardiac - no real innervation involved, transmittance is via neurotransmitters at the gap junction
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smooth muscle
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no striations, single central nucleus that often appears to have a cork like shape, alpha actinin found in dense bodies binds actin to allow contraction
calcium is brought into the cell by caveolae and then it binds to calmodulin contraction occurs three dimensionally |
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cardiac muscle
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striated, single central nucleus, intercalated disk for adhesion and communication purposes (allows contraction to occur without destroying the tissue), large mitochondria
Purkinje fibers conduct electricity in the heart` |
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skeletal muscle
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striated, voluntary, multinucleated at periphery of cell (occurs because myoblasts fuse and share the same cytoplasm and keep their nuclei)
muscle spindle = sensory, tells body to relax muscle when it's been contracting too long |
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z disk structure
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desmin IFs bind to sarcolemma at costamere plaque. alpha beta crystallin protects desmin. plectin binds IFs together.
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triad
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at the I band - A band junction
2 terminal cisternae and a t tubule found in skeletal muscle |
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diad
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found in cardiac muscle at z disk - terminal cisterna and a t tubule
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somatic efferent
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voluntary - only one neuron located in brain, brainstem or spinal cord
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visceral efferent
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involuntary / autonomic - two neurons, one in CNS and one in peripheral ganglia
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