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372 Cards in this Set
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Anterior Pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Thyroid hormone; secretion and function similar to those of thyroxine (T4) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
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a reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the blood |
Thrombocytopenia |
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Posterior Pituitary plus infundibulum; portion of the pituitary gland derived from the brain |
Neurohypophysis |
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a hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics |
Androgen |
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Sex hormones, primarily androgens, secreted by the adrenal cortex |
Gonadocorticoids |
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A hormone that regulates the secretory action of another endocrine organ |
Tropic hormone (tropin) |
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The most abundant plasma protein |
Albumin |
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A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel |
Thrombus |
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Agglutination and destruction of red blood cells following transfusion of incompatible blood |
Transfusion reaction |
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Also called B lymphocytes; oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells |
B cells |
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Red blood cells |
Erythrocytes |
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Gonad-stimulating hormones produced by the anterior pituitary |
Gonadotropins |
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Bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood; hemocytoblast |
Hematopoietic stem cell |
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An enzyme, usually activated by a G protein, that converts ATP to the second messenger cyclic AMP |
Adenylate cyclase |
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process of erythrocyte formation |
Erythropoiesis |
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White blood cell whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic dye |
Basophil |
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Ejection of an immature egg from the ovary |
Ovulation |
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Iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin |
Heme |
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Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk |
Prolactin (PRL) |
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Rupture of erythrocytes |
Hemolysis |
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cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting |
Platelet |
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Highly contagious viral disease; marked by excessive agranulocytes |
Infectious mononucleosis |
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Anterior pituitary hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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male sex hormone produces by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production |
testosterone |
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clinical test that includes counts of all formed elements, a hematocrit, and measurements of erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content |
Complete blood count (CBC) |
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the percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes |
hematocrit |
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reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin |
anemia |
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blood cell formation; hemopoiesis |
hematopoiesis |
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the major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation |
Thyroid hormone (TH) |
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body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones |
Endocrine system |
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oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin |
oxyhemoglobin |
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enzyme released by the kidneys that raises blood pressure by initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism |
Renin |
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disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates |
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) |
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obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus floating in the blood |
Embolism |
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pertaining to the lungs |
pulmonary |
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hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum |
Progesterone |
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one of the largest of the body's endocrine glands; straddles the anterior trachea |
Thyroid gland |
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a mixture in which the solute particles do not settle out readily. substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein |
colloid |
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hormone released by fat cells that signals satiety |
Leptin |
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temporary organ formed from both fetal and maternal tissues that provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus, carries away fetal metabolic wastes, and produces the hormones of pregnancy |
Placenta |
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large single-nucleus white blood cell; agranular leukocyte |
Monocyte |
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Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex |
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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disease characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus intense thirst and dehydration caused by inadequate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Diabetes Insipidus |
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Granular white blood cell whose granules take up an acid stain called eosin |
Eosinophil |
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Anterior pituitary; the glandular part of the pituitary gland |
Adenohypophysis |
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hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells |
Erythropoietin (EPO) |
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state in which a greater than normal amount of insulin is required to maintain normal glucose blood levels |
Insulin resistance |
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fatty acid metabolites; strong organic acids |
ketones (ketone bodies) |
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diagnostic test to determine relative proportion of individual leukocyte types |
Differential white blood cell count |
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Fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting |
Fibrin |
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Natural anticoagulant secreted into blood plasma |
Heparin |
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refers to a group of cancerous conditions of white blood cells |
Leukemia |
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hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of medulla and cortex areas |
Adrenal glands |
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passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue |
Diapedesis |
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An abnormally high number of erythrocytes |
Polycythemia |
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most abundant type of white blood cell |
Neutrophil |
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term used to describe hormones such as glucagon that elevate blood glucose level |
Hyperglycemic |
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white blood cells; formed elements involved in body production that take part in inflammatory and immune responses |
Leukocytes |
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collective term for the series of events that expel the fetus from the uterus |
Labor |
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abnormally low white blood cell count |
Leukopenia |
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immature erythrocyte |
reticulocyte |
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an increase in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells); usually the result of a microbiological attack on the body |
leukocytosis |
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the production of white blood cells |
Leukopoiesis |
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diagnostic test to determine status of the body's hemostasis system |
prothombin time |
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hormone that stimulates growth in general; produced in the anterior pituitary |
Growth Hormone (GH) |
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A soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting |
Fibrinogen |
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Primary reproductive organ; i.e., the testis of the male or the ovary of the female |
Gonad |
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hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristic; female sex hormones |
estrogens |
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Amber-colored fluid that exudes from clotted blood as the clot shrinks; plasma without clotting factors |
serum |
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iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; accelerated cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues |
Thyroxine (T4) |
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condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland |
Myxedema |
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stoppage of bleeding |
Hemostasis |
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disorder resulting from hyperactive thyroid gland |
Graves' Disease |
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hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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immediate response to blood vessel injury; results in constriction |
Vascular spasm |
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substance produced by the stomach that is required for Vitamin B12 absorption |
Intrinsic factor |
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A drug dose that is dramatically higher than normal levels of that substance in the body |
Pharmacological dose |
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Lymphoid organ active in immune response; site of maturation of T lymphocytes |
Thymus |
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steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex |
Corticosteroids |
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cellular portion of blood |
formed elements |
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a chemical messenger that acts locally within the same tissue and is rapidly destroyed. Examples are prostaglandins and nitric oxide |
Paracrine |
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steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ and K+ metabolism and fluid balance |
Mineralocorticoid |
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process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting |
Coagulation |
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nerve bundles that run through the infundibulum and connect the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus |
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
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platelet; cell fragment that participates in blood coagulation |
thrombocyte |
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process that removes unneeded blood clots when healing has occured |
fibrinolysis |
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neural part of pituitary gland; part of the neurohypophysis |
posterior pituitary |
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a term loosely applied to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that exhibit similar signs and symptoms |
hemophilia |
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enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin |
thrombin |
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the condition of relative uniformity of the body's internal environment |
homeostasis |
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what are the two regulating systems of homeostasis |
autoregulation and extrinsic regulation |
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In hypothermia, you start to shiver when you walk out in the cold, which regulating system of homeostasis would this be an example of? |
Autoregulation |
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body cells, tissues, and organs quickly restore balance to the internal environment |
autoregulation |
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nervous system and endocrine system working together or independently, provide the correct measures needed to balance to the internal environment |
extrinsic regulation |
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in hypothermia, your heart speeds up, increasing blood flow, which regulating system of homeostasis would this be an example of? |
extrinsic regulation |
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the number one feedback system of homeostasis |
negative feedback |
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what are examples of negative feedback? |
body temp, blood pressure, pH, ionic balance |
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which feedback system reverses the change in a controlled condition? |
negative feedback |
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which feedback system strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition |
positive feedback |
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what are examples of positive feedback? |
in childbirth, oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary gland and sent to the uterine wall to cause dilation. Another example would be blood clotting |
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what are the three basic components of homeostasis |
receptor, control center, and effector |
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what is the body structure that monitors changed in controlled condition |
receptor |
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what sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained |
control center |
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what evaluates the input received from receptors |
control center |
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what generates output command to the effectors when controlled condition is out of set ranges |
control center |
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what produces an effect that changes the controlled condition |
effector |
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the nervous system performs _____ term crisis management |
short |
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the endocrine system regulates ____ term ongoing metabolic activities of tissues and organs |
long |
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what do endocrine cells release in order to alter metabolic activity of target cells |
hormones |
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when chemical messengers are released between cells within one tissue |
paracrine communication |
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chemicals that exert effects on the same cell that secretes them |
autocrines |
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name 5 endocrine glands |
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal and Pineal |
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the endocrine gland that has both neural functions and releases hormones |
hypothalamus |
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endocrine gland that acts as big brother to the nervous system, it does not trigger if the nervous system is doing its job |
hypothalamus |
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two major types of hormone structures |
amino acid and steroids |
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hormones that can be freely circulating or bound to transport proteins |
steroids |
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if more than half of your blood is the water part (plasma), what is dissolved in the plasma? |
amino acids |
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why cant steroids be dissolved in the plasma? |
because steroids are lipids and lipids are hydrophobic |
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what in blood attached to oxygen causing it to turn red |
hemoglobin |
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what are the five cellular changes in target cells |
1) alter plasma membrane permeability 2) stimulate protein synthesis 3) activate/deactivate enzyme systems 4) induce secretory activity 5) stimulate mitosis |
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what binds to the plasma membrane opening channels |
hormones |
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if a cell needs to do something, what needs to be activated |
protein |
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receptors for hormones that are located in the cell membranes of target cells |
second messengers |
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what type of hormones are considered to be second messengers |
amino acids |
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which hormone action is used when hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus |
direct gene activation |
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what type of hormones are considered to be direct gene activation hormones |
steroids |
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blood levels of hormones are controlled by _____ feedback systems |
homeostatic |
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which homeostatic feedback system is mostly used when controlling blood levels of hormones |
negative feedback |
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what are the three stimuli that hormones are synthesized and released in response to? |
1) Humoral 2) Neural 3) Hormonal |
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the secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients |
Humoral |
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nerve fibers stimulate release in which stimuli |
Neural |
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which stimulus uses neurotransmitters |
Neural |
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the release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs |
Hormonal |
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a system that modifies the stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanisms |
nervous |
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under stress, the body needs more glucose. the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system are activated to supply ample glucose. In this example, the nervous system is _____ normal endocrine controls |
overriding |
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what id the two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones |
Pituitary |
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what makes and secretes hormones that bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic AMP as a second messenger |
Anterior Lobe |
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which lobe of the pituitary gland has a lot of fibers |
posterior lobe |
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which lobe of the pituitary gland receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus |
posterior lobe |
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in which portal system does all blood reach the intended target cells before returning to the general circulation |
hypophyseal portal system |
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what has a neural connection with the hypothalamus |
posterior pituitary |
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nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize _____ and _____. |
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
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what does the posterior pituitary do with ADH and Oxytocin |
stores them |
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which endocrine gland releases EPO (Erythropoietin) |
Kidney |
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EPO targets which cell? |
Bone |
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which hormone makes red blood cells? |
Erythropoietin |
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which endocrine gland releases TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) |
Anterior Pituitary |
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TSH targets which cell? |
Thyroid |
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which hormone stimulates thyroid hormone production |
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) |
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which endocrine gland releases ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormones) |
Anterior Pituitary |
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ACTH targets which cell? |
Adrenal |
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which hormone triggers release of endocrine hormones |
ACTH |
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which endocrine gland releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) |
Anterior Pituitary |
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FSH targets which cell |
ovaries/testes |
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which hormone grows follicles and releases eggs in females and stimulates sperm production in males |
FSH |
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which endocrine gland releases LH (Luteinizing hormone) |
Anterior Pituitary |
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LH targets which cell |
Ovaries/testes |
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which hormone stimulates ovulation/estrogen production in females and stimulates sperm production in males |
LH |
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which endocrine gland releases PRL (Prolactin) |
Anterior Pituitary |
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PRL targets which cell |
Mammary gland |
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which hormone stimulates/sustains lactation |
PRL |
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which endocrine gland releases GH (growth hormone) |
Anterior Pituitary |
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GH targets which cell |
All body cells |
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which hormone is responsible for mitosis |
GH (Growth Hormone) |
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which endocrine gland releases ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) |
Posterior Pituitary |
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ADH targets which cell? |
Kidney |
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which hormone reabsorbs H2O |
ADH |
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which endocrine gland releases Oxytocin |
Posterior Pituitary |
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Oxytocin targets which cell? |
Uterus |
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which hormone is responsible for labor contractions |
Oxytocin |
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which endocrine gland releases TH (Thyroid Hormone) |
Thyroid |
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TH targets which cell? |
All body cells |
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which hormone is responsible for metabolism |
TH |
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which endocrine gland releases Calcitonin |
Thyroid Gland |
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Calcitonin targets which cell |
Bone |
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which hormone decreases blood calcium levels? |
Calcitonin |
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which endocrine gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone) |
Parathyroid Gland |
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PTH targets which cell? |
Bone |
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which hormone increases blood calcium levels? |
PTH |
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which endocrine gland releases Aldosterone |
Adrenal Cortex |
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Aldosterone targets which cell |
kidney |
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which hormone increases sodium blood levels |
aldosterone |
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which endocrine gland releases cortisol? |
adrenal cortex |
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cortisol targets which cell? |
Liver |
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which hormone increases blood glucose levels in between meals |
cortisol |
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which endocrine gland releases androgen? |
adrenal cortex |
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androgen targets which cell? |
sex glands |
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which hormone stimulates primary reproductive organs |
androgen |
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Which endocrine gland releases Glucagon |
Alpha cells of the pancreas
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Glucagon targets which cell |
Liver |
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which hormone increases blood glucose levels? |
glucagon |
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which endocrine gland releases insulin? |
Beta cells of the pancreas |
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insulin targets which cell? |
all body cells |
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which hormone decreases blood glucose levels |
insulin |
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which endocrine gland releases melatonin |
pineal gland |
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melatonin targets which cell? |
brain |
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which hormone is responsible for the day/night cycle |
melatonin |
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which endocrine gland releases estrogen |
ovaries |
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estrogen targets which cells? |
primary reproductive organs |
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which hormone matures reproductive organs |
estrogen |
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which endocrine gland releases testosterone |
testes |
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testosterone targets which cell |
primary reproductive organs |
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which hormone matures primary reproductive organs |
testosterone |
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Hyposecretion means |
too little |
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hypersecretion means |
too much |
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excess cartilage growth and enlarged extremities |
Acromegaly |
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advanced aging |
Progeria |
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hyposecretion of TH in infancy |
Cretinism |
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hyposecretion of GH during childhood/adulthood causes |
Goiter |
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when skin becomes flush and clammy, blood pressure and heart rate increase, also associated with Graves' Disease |
Hypersecretion oh TH |
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decreased weight, decreased blood pressure, and dehydration are all symptoms of what disease |
Addison's Disease (Hyposecretion of Cortisol) |
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what causes increased blood glucose, depresses cartilage and bone formation, inhibits inflammation and immune system, and hypertension and adema |
Hypersecretion of Cortisol (Cushing's syndrome) |
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which disease results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin |
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) |
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what are three cardinal signs of DM |
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia |
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huge urine output |
polyuria |
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excessive thirst |
polydispsia |
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excessive hunger and food consumption |
polyphagia |
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which type of DM is more common in adolescents? |
Type I |
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90% of the cases of DM is which type of DM? |
Type II |
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what is the difference between type I DM and Type II DM? |
Type I has total lack of insulin activity and Type II has some insulin activity |
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what is the number one link to DM Type II |
Obesity |
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Stress turns on the fight or flight by _____ epinephrine and cortisol |
increasing |
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what are the two compositions of blood |
plasma and formed elements |
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what makes up the formed elements in blood? |
1) Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 2) White Blood Cells (WBCs) 3) Platelets |
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what does blood transport? |
gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes |
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what does blood regulate |
pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid and body temperature |
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what does blood restrict |
fluid loos at injury sites |
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what does blood defend the body against |
toxins and pathogens |
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in blood, what contains over 100 solutes, including: proteins, lactic acid, urea, creatine-muscles, organic nutrients, electrolytes, and respiratory gases? |
plasma |
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more than 90% of plasma proteins are synthesized where? |
Liver |
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what makes up the majority of plama |
albumins |
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what are responsible for viscosity (resistance to flow) and osmotic pressure of blood? |
Albumins
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what includes immunoglobins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens |
globulins |
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what is converted to fibrin during clotting |
fibrinogen |
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volume of packed red cells
|
hematocrit |
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what is the shape of a RBC that provides a large surface to volume ration |
Biconcave |
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the biconcave shape of RBC allows them to |
stack, bend, and flex |
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what do RBCs lack? |
organelles |
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molecules of what account for 97% of the proteins in RBC |
hemoglobin |
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hemoglobin is a _____ protein, formed from two pairs of polypeptide subunits |
globular |
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each subunit of hemoglobin contains a molecule of _____ which reversibly binds an _____ molecule |
heme,oxygen |
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hemoglobin bound to oxygen is known as |
oxyhemoglobin |
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how many oxygen are there per hemoglobin |
4 |
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what is the term for blood cell formation |
hematopoiesis |
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where does hematopoiesis occur? |
red bone marrow |
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what gives rise to all formed elements |
hematocytoblasts |
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what is the formation of new red blood cells |
erythropoeisis |
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erythropoeisis depends on adequate supplies of |
iron, amino acids and B Vitamins |
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what makes up the hemi portion of hemoglobin |
B Vitamins |
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the process of erythropoeisis speeds up with the presence of which hormone |
EPO (Erythropoeitin)
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Do RBCs have organelles |
No
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do RBCs have a nucleus |
NO |
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RBC turnover is balanced through |
production and destruction |
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too few RBCs leads to _____. |
Hypoxia |
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to many RBCs causes increased blood _____. |
Viscosity |
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RBCs typically degenerate in how many days |
120 |
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what are damaged or dead RBCs recycled by? |
Phagocytes |
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Approximately how many new blood cells enter the circulation per second? |
about 3 million |
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what is the erythrocyte disorder that is associated with decreased oxygen-carrying capacity |
Anemia |
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what are two diseases that are associated with not having enough RBCs? |
Hemorrhagic Anemia and Aplastic Anemia |
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which erythrocyte disorder is associated with prematurely ruptured RBCs |
Hemolytic Anemia |
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which kind of anemia is the most common |
iron-deficiency anemia |
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iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia/Thalassemia are all associated with what |
hemoglobin |
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a disorder associated with excess RBCs |
Polycythemia |
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white blood cells are called |
Leukocytes |
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do WBCs have nuclei |
yes |
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do WBCs have other organelles |
yes |
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what do WBCs defend the body against |
pathogens |
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which cells remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells |
white blood cells |
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what is the term for amoeboid movement |
margination |
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what is the term for when white blood cells are able to squeeze themselves through tiny holes and signal where the damage is coming from |
positive chemotaxis |
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what is the lifespan of a white blood cell |
0.5 to 9 days |
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what are the bodys bacteria slayers |
Neutrophils |
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phagocytes that are attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies |
Eosinophils |
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what type of cells migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin |
Basophil |
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what type of cells become macrophages |
monocytes |
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what type of WBCd include T-cells, B cells, and N cells |
lymphocytes |
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granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow _____ _____ |
stem cells |
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_____ is stimulated by interleukins and conoly-stimulating factors (CSFs) |
Leukopiesis |
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macrphages and T cells are the most important sources of _____. |
cytokines |
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cancerous conditions involving WBCs |
Leukemia |
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what kind of leukemia involves myeloblasts |
myelocytic leukemia |
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what kind of leukemia involves lymphocytes |
lymphocytic leukemia
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what kind of leukemia involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children |
acute leukemia |
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what kind of leukemia is more prevalent in older people |
chronic leukemia |
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plateletes are _____ cell fragments |
flattened |
|
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platelets circulate for how many days before being removed by phagocytes |
9-12 days |
|
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what are the functions of platelets |
1) transporting chemicals important to clotting 2)form temp patch in walls of damaged blood vessels 3) contract after clot is formed |
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what releases platelets into circulating blood |
megakaryocytes |
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the rate of platelet formation is stimulated by |
thrombopoietin
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what prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls |
hemostasis |
|
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what are the three phases of hemostasis |
1) vascular 2) platelet 3) coagulation |
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which phases of hemostasis occur immediately upon damage and at the same time |
vascular phase and platelet phase |
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which phase of hemostasis occurs within seconds or minutes upon damage and has to occur after the platelet phase |
coagulation phase |
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during the coagulation phase, factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a _____ |
cyst |
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what are the three pathways of coagulation |
1) Extrinsic pathway 2) Intrinsic pathway 3) Common pathway |
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which pathway of coagulation involves when we take fibrinogen and convert it to fibrin |
common pathway |
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what starts the common pathway of coagulation |
prothombin activator |
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what is the final phase of healing |
clot retraction and repair |
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what is the term for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulated rebuilding of blood vessel wasll |
clot repair |
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what is the term for the stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strands |
clot retraction |
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what forms a connective tissue patch |
fibroblasts |
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when a clot gradually dissolves through action of plasmin |
fibrinolysis |
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plasmin is produced when which plasma protein is activated |
plasminogen |
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heparin, coumadin, aspirin, dicumarol, t-PA, streptokinase, and urokinase are all examples of |
anticoagulants |
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stastionary clot in unbroken vessel |
Thrombus |
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moving obstruction |
Embolism |
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emboli that become trapped in the lungs |
pulmonary embolsim |
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a cerebral embolism may cause what |
a stroke |
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emboli that become trapped in the heart wall can cause |
heart attack |
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condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient |
thrombocytopenia |
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a result from a deficiency of Factor VIII
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hemophilia |
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Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of surface _____ on RBCs |
antigens (agglutinogens) |
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antibodies (agglutinins) are found in _____ |
plasma |
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_____ occur when antigens meet antibodies |
cross-reaction |
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Holly has A-antigen Rh-antigen but no B-antigen, what is her blood type? |
A+ |
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Holly's blood type has no surface antigens, what is her blood type? |
O- |
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Holly is Type B, what antibodies does she carry in her plasma? |
Anti-A |
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Holly is Type B, does she carry anti-B on her RBC |
No |
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Extrinsic pathway repairs what kind of tissue |
connective tissue |
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Intrinsic pathway repairs what kind of tissue |
epithelial tissue |
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common pathway repairs what |
amitotic smooth muscle |
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When Rh+ antibodies of a sensitized Rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby |
Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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Rh- mother becomes _____ when exposure to Rh+ blood causes her body to synthesize Rh+ antibodies |
sensitized |
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a lab-made synthetic anti-Rh drug that can prevent the Rh- mother from becoming sensitized |
RhoGAM |
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The function of hemoglobin is to A) carry oxygen B) protect the body against infectious agents C) carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells D) both A and C |
A) carry oxygen |
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which of the following is/are true of steroid hormones? A) steroid hormones are lipids B) steroid hormones need a transport protein to circulate within blood C) steroid hormones cause direct gene activation by its target cell D) All of the above are true of steroid hormones |
D) All of the above are true of steroid hormones |
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which of the following statements concerning RBCs is false? A) RBCs are biconcave discs B) RBCs lack mitochondria C) RBCs have a large nucleus D) RBCs can stack upon each other |
C) RBCs have a large nucleus
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Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) _____ that is sensitive to a particular stimulus and a(n) _____ whose activity has an effec on the same stimulus A) receptor; effector B) effector; receptor C) receptor; control center D) control center; effector |
A) receptor; effector |
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Erythrocytes are formed from stem cells called A) hemocytoblasts B) megakaryoblasts C) myeloblasts D) lymphoblasts |
A) hemocytoblasts |
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Which component of blood allows it to regulate body temperature A) RBCs B) WBCs C) platelets D) plasma |
D) plasma |
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Coordinating centers in the hypothalamus regulate the activities of the endocrine system by all of the following except A) autonomic neurons that directly control the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla B) a modified positive feedback loop involving the anterior pituitary gland C) acting as an endocrine organ itself and releasing hormones D) secreting inhibiting hormones that inhibit the production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland |
B) a modified positive feedback loop involving the anterior pituitary gland |
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after losing a fair amount of blood as a result of an accident, one would expect A) hemorrhagic anemia B) aplastic anemia C) sickle-cell anemia D) polycythemia |
A) hemorrhagic anemia |
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the common pathway of coagulation begins with the A) sticking of platelets to damaged tissue B) activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen C) activation of a clotting factor that converts prothombin to thrombin D) activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
D) activation of a clotting factor that converts prothombin to thrombin |
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which phase of coagulation includes sticking of platelets to damaged tissue |
platelet phase |
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During which part of the common pathway does activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen occur |
near the end |
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ACTH, FSH, GH, and LH are secreted by the anterior pituitary via _____ stimuli A) hormonal B) humoral C) neural |
A) hormonal |
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produced by follicle cells in the ovary when stimulated by FSH |
estrogen |
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lowers calcium ion levels in blood |
calcitonin |
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produced in the adrenal cortex and targets the liver and promote glucose metabolism in between meals |
cortisol |
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secreted by adrenal gland to increase the sodium ion concentration of the blood |
aldosterone |
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released by beta islet cells when blood glucose levels are too high |
insulin |
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triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland |
TSH |
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secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to reabsorb water before it is lost in urine |
ADH |
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increases the number of RBCs in circulation |
EPO |
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increases mitotic activity of body cells |
GH |
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pancreatic hormone that causes blood glucose levels to rise |
Glucagon |
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If your blood type is O positive you can give to |
O+, A+. B+. AB+ |
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if your blood type is O positive you can receive from |
O+, O- |
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If your blood type is A positive you can give to |
A+, AB+ |
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if your blood type is A positive you can receive from |
A+, A-, O+, O- |
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if your blood type is B positive you can give to |
B+, AB+ |
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if your blood type is B positive you can receive from |
B+, B-, O+, O- |
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if your blood type is AB positive you can give to |
AB+ only |
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if your blood type is AB positive you can receive from |
all blood types |
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if your blood type is O negative you can give to |
all blood types |
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if your blood type is O negative you can receive from |
O- only |
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if your blood type is A negative you can give to |
A-, A+, AB-, AB+ |
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if your blood type is A negative you can receive from |
A-, O- |
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if your blood type is B negative you can give to |
B-, B+, AB-, AB+ |
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if your blood type is B negative you can receive from |
B-, O- |
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if your blood type is AB negative you can give to |
AB-, AB+ |
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if your blood type is AB negative you can receive from |
AB-, A-, B-, O- |
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What antibodies in plasma (agglutinins) does Group A have |
Anti-B |
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what antigens in red blood cell (agglutinogens) does group A have |
A antigen |
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what antibodies in plasma (agglutinins) does group B have |
Anti-A |
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what antigens in red blood cell )agglutinogens) does group B hanve |
B antigen |
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what antibodies in plasma (agglutinins) does group AB have |
none |
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what antigens in red blood cell (agglutinogens) does group AB have |
A and B antigens |
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what antibodies in plasma (agglutinins) does group O have |
anti-A and anti-B |
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what antigens in red blood cell (agglutinogens) does group O have |
none |
