Criminology

Front 1

Edwin H. Sutherland

Back 1

-The sociology of law
-How do we respond to breaking the law
-Scientific Analysis of the causes of crime
-Crime Control

Front 2

What is Criminology

Back 2

An interdisciplinary scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour, including their form, causes , legal aspects and control.

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Prescriptions

Back 3

Formal rules laid down by society

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Norms

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Acceptable standards of behaviour shared by members of a particular group or society

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Deviance

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Behaviour, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and provoke, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation or hostility.

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When does deviance exist?

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1.Something that violates a social norm or rule
2. A person or persons who engage i the act, express the belief or possess the condition
3. An audience or group of persons who judges and evaluates the normative violation
4. The likelihood that negative social reactions will follow the discovery of the violation

Front 7

Societal Deviance

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- Those actions and conditions that are widely recognized, in advance and in general, to be deviant.
-rape, robbery, murder

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Situational Deviance

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- The way different subcultural groups develop norms of behaviour that may be at odds with those "society as a whole"
-Behaviour that might be considered deviant in a particular culture maybe perfectly acceptable in a subcultural

Front 9

What is crime?

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Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of jurisdiction that has the power to make laws.

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Concept of Social Control

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- The ways in which behaviour, thoughts, emotions and emotional expressions and appearance are regulated in a social system.
-Informal
-Deviant vs. Criminal Behaviour

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Regulatory Crime

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a rise under legislation that regulates inherently legitimate activities connected with trades commerce, and industry or with everyday living
-not serious in nature
-federal and provincial
-Lower moral culpability

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Criminal Law

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- body of jurisprudence that includes the definitions of various crimes , specifications of various penalties, a set of general principles concerning criminal responsibility and a series of defences to a criminal charge.

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True Crime

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When an individual engages in conduct that is not only prohibited but also constitutes a serious breach of community values, etc. stalking, harassment

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Crime Classification

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1.) Summary conviction offences
-less serious
-Provincial/territorial court
2.) Indictable Offences
-More serious offences
3.) Hybrid offences
-summary conviction or indictable offence.

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First source of law

Statutes

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-Criminal code
-Controlled drugs and substances
-canada Evidence Act

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Second Source of Law

-common law

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The body of judge made law that has evolved in areas not covered by legislation
- A judical decision or form of proceeding that serves as a rule for future determinations in similar or analogus cases.

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Constitutional Law

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- A set of rules defining a states organization and operation
*Limits on government
*Canadian charter of rights and freedoms

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Three elements of actus reus

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1.) conduct
2._ Surrounding circumstances
3) Consequences of the voluntary conduct

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Actus Reus

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-Evil Act
-Prohibited actor actions that the crown must prove for a criminal offence to exist.

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Mens rea

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-mental disorders in the definition of a criminal defence that crown must prove
-

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Subjective Mens Rea

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Accused may not be convicted of a criminal offence
-based on determination of "what actually went on in the accused persons mind"
-Accused knew likely consequences of his or her conduct and proceeded in reckless disregard.

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Objective Mens Rea

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-Crown must prove that a reasonable person would have appreciated the risk created by the accused's conduct and would have chosen not to take that risk
-no concern with what accused was thinking

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Class Characteristics

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Characteristics of a piece of evidence that place it with a particular group, not with a unique source.
-They establish similarity

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Individual Characteristics

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Those characteristics that may distinguish the evidence from other evidence of the same group or class

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Firearms Identification

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Structural variations and irregularities caused by scratches, nickes, breaks, and wear permit the criminalist to relate

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Initial Decay

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- Carcass appears fresh externally but is decomposing internally due to activities of micro-organisms

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Putrefaction

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Carcass swollen by gas produced internally ; Odour of decaying flesh

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Black Putrefaction

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Flesh of creamy consistency; Exposed parts of black; Body collapses as gasses escape.

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Butyric Fermentation

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Carcass dying out; Some flesh remains; Ventral surface mouldy from fermentation

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Dry Decay

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Flesh dried out; Leathery texture

Front 31

Caspers Law

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When there is free access of air a body decomposes twice as fast than if immersed in water and eight times faster than if buried in earth

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Algor Mortis

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A process that occurs after death in which the body temperature continually cools untill it reaches the ambient or room temperature

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Liver Mortis or Lividity

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A medical condition that occurs after death and results in the settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
-caused by blood settling in the body's lower parts.

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Rigor mortis

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A medical condition that occurs after death and results in the stiffening muscle mass

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Power-Control Theory

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The equiable distribution of power and opportunity among the boys and girls will result in girls being socialized to occupy non-traditional roles thereby increasing opportunities for criminal activity

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Radical feminism

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-The way in which power is constructed and dominated by males in society

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Capitalist Economic System

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-This system fosters crime through creation and maintence of patriarchal and exist society

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Role of Patriarchy

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Society empowers males in virtually all social interactions that meter
-Males dominate government, make rules, define gender roles and set patterns for power in society.

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The Social Heritage

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The enlightenment
-The naturalists and secularization
-The social contract

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The intellectual Heritage

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- The enlightenment
-The naturalists and secularization

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The perspective of the Classical School

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-Men and women are rational beings
-Crime is the result of the excercise of free will

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Utiltarianism

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Behaviour holds value to any individual undertaking it according to the amount of pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person

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Hedonism

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All actions can be measured on the basis of how much pleasure and how little pain they produce