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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anomie
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a lack of norms or clear social standards. because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.
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Limitations of UCR
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1- doesn't account for all crime in society. only reported crimes.
2- arrests are not equivalent to convictions so these numbers could include innocent people who were arrested and later exonerated. 3- index includes a large number of property crimes |
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"dark figure of crime"
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unreported crimes
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National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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improvement of UCR based on criticism about the past system. Involves 2 layers where the normal data is presented but then various agencies will go into more detail.
Separates attempted vs. completed offenses More accessible to researchers |
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methodological narcissism
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strict adherence to one type of research methodology
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Strengths and Limits of Victim Surveys
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Strengths-
1- good way to measure unreported crimes. researchers have found the number of crimes to be much larger when they use this method over UCR methods. Limits- 1- can take a very large sample to get a generalize sample as you might sample 1 million people and not get a rape victim thus concluding there is no rape when the next person could have been a rape victim. 2- people can lie or exaggerate 3- people often report things that wouldn't warrant an arrest or investigation by police b/c it is unfounded 4- doesn't sample youth & minorities properly and they are the most effected groups usually |
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Components of Experiments
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Equivalence
Pre and post-tests Experimental and control groups |
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Campbell Collaboration (C2)
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organization that facilitates preparation, maintenance and accessibility of systematic program reviews (crime programs like boot camp and street lighting)
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Cambridge-Somerville study of delinquents found they were a product of ...
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poor or weak parental discipline and a quarrelsome home environment
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catharsis hypotheses
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exposure to violence in media has calming effect
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precipitation hypothesis
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exposure to violence in media will produce greater propensities toward violence
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what is the age range of most arrests and type of crimes mainly committed by that range?
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15-19 years old and serious property crimes
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demonological theory
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supernatural explanations of criminality that persisted well into the 18th century
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classical theory
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approach in criminology that emphasizes free will and rationality on the part of the criminal actor
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Sutherland
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"dean of criminology"
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Beccaria
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classical theorist who was mainly concerned with ending cruel and unusual punishment.
believed "punishment should fit the crime" and wanted specific punishments for specific crimes (with less serious crimes receiving far less punishment) |
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Bentham
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laws should provide "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number"
believed people were motivated by hedonism, also called "the pleasure principle", where people acted in ways that maximize pleasure while minimizing pain. more concerned with certainty of punishment over severity |
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Limitations of Classical Theory
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if applied in its most basic form, the theory would apply the same punishment to a first time offender and a career criminal. does not account for repeat offenders.
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Neoclassical Theory
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admitted that certain conditions like environmental, psychological and other mitigating circumstances could change the original theories of its school of thought.
Example of this theory's mindset- three strikes law |
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Lombroso, Ferri and Garofalo
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beginning theorists of neoclassical theory
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rational choice theory
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theory positing that offenders weigh the opportunities, costs and benefits of particular crimes before deciding whether or not to commit them.
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ecological theory
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also referred to as statistical, geographic or cartographic school of criminology.
relates crime to the interaction between offenders and their environment. |
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Quetelet
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first to take advantage of criminal statistics that were beginning to come available in 1820.
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4 Forerunners of Modern Criminological Thought
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1- Charles Darwin
2- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 3- Sigmund Freud |
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Bonger
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first to apply Marxist views to criminology.
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4 Justifications for Punishment
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1- Retribution
2- Deterrence 3- Rehabilitation 4- Protection and maintenance of social solidarity |
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Cesare Lombroso
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most influential figure in biological positivism.
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Atavism
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Lombroso's theory that criminals were "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period.
Combination of Darwin & Lombroso's ideas |
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Biological Positivism
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viewed biological traits and physical traits as possible hints of criminal behavior. led to eugenics
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Charles Goring
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thought "feeblemindedness" could determine criminality
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The Jukes (study on family of Ada Jukes)
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Robert Dugdale's case study of generations of an American family.
Traced descendants of a woman's family and found numerous criminals and deviants in the same family thus he concluded that criminality is inherited. |
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3 Somatotypes (William Sheldon)
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1- Endomorphs: soft, round, plump physiques and are relaxed, easygoing and extroverted
2- Mesomorphs: hard and muscularly built. aggressive, assertive, action-seekers. 3- Ectomorphs: thin and fragile of form, introverted, sensitive. Found problem youths tend to be mesomorphic. |
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XYY Syndrome
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Idea that possession of a certain chromosome arrangement.
was used to convict people of homicide in Australia and was argued as a reason to convict in the U.S. at one point. believed to make people more aggressive/testosterone driven |
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Freudian Theories
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focused on unconscious motivations as the reason for crimes being committed.
conflict between id and superego. |
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psychometry
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seeks to measure psychological and mental differences between criminals and noncriminals.
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IQ
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at least as good a predictor of crime as race and social class
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M'Naghten Defense
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person didn't know what he or was doing or that what they were doing was wrong
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Irresistible Impulse Defense
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couldn't control his or her conduct
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Durham Defense
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criminal act was caused by his or her mental illness
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Brawner Test
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Lacks substantial capacity to appreciate wrongfulness of his or her conduct or to control it
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Present Federal Law for Insanity Defense
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Lacks capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct.
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psychological positivism
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criminality is based on psychological or psychiatric problems or processes.
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problem of psychological positivism
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criminals are all seen as having mental issues when this frame is used in discussion of criminality. thus minorities can be seen as having inferior psychological capacity as they often constitute a larger portion of those in corrections facilities than whites.
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Strain Theory
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Merton's idea that anomie occurs when discrepancies exist between societal goals and the means available for their achievement.
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5 Modes of Personality Adaptation
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1- Conformist: accepts goal of success in society through hard work and education.
2- Innovator: accepts goal of success but rejects of seeks illegit alternatives to the means of achieving these aims. 3- Ritualist: "mindless bureaucrat" that gets so caught up in the rules that they forget what they are trying to achieve. 4- Retreatist: rejection of both societally approved means and ends 5- Rebel: rejects both means and goals and seeks to substitute alternative ones. |
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Cohen's Lower-Class Reaction Theory
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theory stating that lower-class youths use delinquent subcultures as a means of reacting against a middle class-dominated value system in a society that unintentionally discriminates against them because of their lower-class lifestyles and values.
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Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory
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theory stating that working-class juveniles will choose one or another type of subcultural adjustment to their anomic situation depending on the availability of illegitimate opportunity structures in their neighborhood.
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Social Process Theories
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theories that emphasize criminality as a learned or culturally transmitted process and are presented as an outgrowth of the Chicago school of sociology.
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Chicago School
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first sociology program in America, developed at UChicago.
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Park's Theory of Human Ecology
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theory focused on "natural areas" which are subcommunities that emerge to serve specific, specialized functions.
served as foundation for case studies to examine each of these natural areas for sociological hypotheses |
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Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization Theory
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theory using maps and statistics to plot the ecological distribution of forms of social disorganization such as juvenile delinquency.
used Burgess's concentric zone theory as a schema and Park's "natural areas" Highest rates of truancy, crime, delinquency and recidivism were found in Zone 2 (zone of transition) |
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Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association
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theory indicating that individuals become predisposed toward criminality because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior.
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Miller's Focal Concerns Theory
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theory that lower class youth aren't acting out against the middle class. instead they are acting on dominant themes in lower-class culture. joining a gang and committing crimes is the way to fit into that dominant culture of toughness and trouble.
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Matza's Theory of Delinquency and Drift
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theory holding that, although human behavior is determined to some extent by outside forces, there still exists an element of free will or individual responsibility.
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Techniques of Neutralization
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rationalizations or excuses that juveniles use to neutralize responsibility for deviant actions.
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Containment Theory
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theory holding that individuals have various social controls that assist them in resisting pressures that draw them toward criminality.
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Hirschi's Social Bond Theory
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theory positing that delinquency takes place when a person's bonds to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing personal stakes in conformity
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4 Components of Social Bond Theory
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1- Attachment: bond to others and important institutions like church or school
2- Commitment: degree to which an individual maintains a vested interest in the social and economic system 3- Involvement: engagement in legitimate social and recreational activities that either leaves too little time to get into trouble 4- Belief: belief in conventional norms and value system |
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime
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states that low self control in the pursuit of self interest causes crime.
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Ages of Onset and Desistance of Criminality
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Onset: 8 to 14
Desistance: 20 to 29 (caused by marriage or employment aka growing up) |
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Farrington's Antisocial Potential Theory
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posits that relatively few people have high antisocial potential or potential to commit antisocial acts.
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Sampson and Laub's Life Course Criminality
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pathways through the age differential life span during which events take place that influence life stages, transitions, and turning points.
the order in which events happen or don't happen affect criminality. |
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Agnew's General Strain Theory
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takes the original theory but removes money as the sole motivator of a potential offender.
also takes into account negative family and societal relationships that influence a person to commit crime. |
