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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Criminality
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a continuously distributed trait composed of a combination of other continuously distributed traits that signals the willingness to use force, fraud, or guile to deprive others of their lives, limbs, or property for personal gain
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Arraignment
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a court proceeding in which the defendant answers to the charges against him or her by pleading guilty, not guilty, or no contest
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criminology
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an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyzes data on crime and criminal behavior
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forensics
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a laboratory or department responsible for tests used in detection of crime
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watchman style
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policing style that focuses on keeping peace and watching over area; focuses on disruptive crimes
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service style
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policing style that has a more helping role; service providers, assisting, public are customers to police
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legalistic style
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policing style that is arrest oriented; first on scene, focuses on who does/doesn't violate law
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dependent variable
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outcome variable
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ACJS
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Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences; promotes criminal justice education research and policy analysis within the discipline of criminal justice for both educators and practitioners
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ASC
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American Society of Criminology; international organization whose members pursue scholarly, scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the measurement, etiology, consequences, prevention, control and treatment of crime and delinquency
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SSSP
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society for the study of social problems; interdisciplinary community of scholars, practitioners, advocates and students interested in the application of critical, scientific, and humanistic perspectives to the study of vital social problems
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consensus
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a view of society as a system of mutually sustaining parts and one that is characterized by broad normative consensus
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NCVS
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National Crime Victimization Survey; nation's primary source of information on criminal victimization
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crime of omission
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failure to engage in behavior the law states you should do
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crime of commission
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engaging in behavior the law states you're not supposed to do
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Megan's Law
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sex offender registration and community notification provisions were signed into law on October 31, 1994
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Actus rea
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guilty act; refers to the principle that a person must commit some forbidden act or neglect some mandatory act before he or she can be subjected to criminal sanctions
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mens rea
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guilty mind/intent; refers to whether or not the suspect had a wrongful purpose in mind when carrying out the actus rea
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mala in se
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universally condemned crimes that are "inherently bad"
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mala prohibita
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crimes that are "bad" simply because they are prohibited
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capital crime
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death penalty crimes
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felony
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inherently morally problematic; punishable by incarceration
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misdemeanor
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lesser wrongs; against the law
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general intent
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generally aware crime committed is unlawful
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specific intent
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particular purpose that is an actual element to crime
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victim precipitation
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a theory in victimology that examines how violent victimization may have been precipitated by the victim by acting in certain provocative ways
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NIBRS
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a comprehensive crime statistic collection system, which is currently a component of the UCR program and is eventually expected to replace it entirely
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arrest
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the act of being legally detained to answer criminal charges on the basis of an arrest warrant or the belief of a law enforcement officer that there is a probable cause to think that the person arrested has committed a felony crime
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grand jury
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an investigatory jury composed of 7 to 23 citizens before which the prosecutor presents evidence that sufficient grounds exist to try the suspect for a crime; if the prosecutor is successful, he or she obtains an indictment from the grand jury listing the charges a person is accused of
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ideology
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a way of looking at the world; a general emotional picture of "how things should be" that forms, shapes, and colors our concepts of the phenomena we study
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corrections
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the department of local government that is responsible for managing the treatment of convicted offenders
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mistake
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An error that is not caused by the neglect of a legal duty on the part of the person committing the error but rather consists of an unconscious ignorance of a past or present material event or circumstance or a belief in the present existence of a material event that does not exist or a belief in the past existence of a material event that did not exist
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duress
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a person is forced by third party and in fear of harm
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provocation
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another person starts a chain of events that leads to their victimization
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necessity
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crime was required in order to escape from higher evil
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folkway
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no law but looked down upon if not done
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mores
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shamed upon but not against the law
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carnival mirror
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the idea that the criminal justice system places nearly all its efforts an energies combating a specific type of crime, while ignoring other, arguably more dangerous, crimes (Reiman)
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direct harm
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one on one; person is targeted
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indirect harm
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no specific target, but perpetrator knows someone will be harmed
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index crimes
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Part 1 offenses; 4 violent and 4 property; murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, larceny-theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson
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embezzlement
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the misappropriation or misapplication of money or property entrusted to the embezzler's care, custody, or control
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clearance rate
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number of arrests/cases closed; very crude indicator of police effectiveness
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founded crime
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crime found
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dark figure
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the dark (or hidden) figure of crime refers to all of the crimes committed that never come to official attention
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YRBS
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youth risk behavior survey; helps assess behaviors in youth that impact their health now and in the future
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confidential
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intended to be kept secret; vital to ensuring accuracy of criminological study
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1980
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high point for index crime rates in post WWII era
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larceny
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theft; the unlawful taking, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of constructive possession of another
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Brady Bill
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placed greater restriction on purchase of firearms; enacted in 1994
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expressive
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driven by emotional reactions and feelings (ex: anger, jealousy, boredom)
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instrumental
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committed because someone wants to gain something (ex: money)
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Raffaelo Garrofalo
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coined the term criminology in 1885; punishment should fit criminal
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James Q. Wilson
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three policing styles; Broken windows theory- urban disorder/vandalism should be fixed while small so that it doesn't escalate
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William Graham Sumner
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wrote the book "Folkways"; folkways, mores, laws
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Emile Durkheim
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group reaction definition of crime (sociology); mechanical solidarity (small isolated societies of common experiences) and organic solidarity (modern day diverse society, weaker bonds)
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The Schwindingers
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social harm definition of crime
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Bonnie Fisher
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wrote the book "Unsafe in the Ivory Tower" which was a survey of sexual victimization in college students; believed victims of crime are more likely to be victimized again
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Mark Warr
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fear of crime
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Jeremy Strohmeyer
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in 1997 he raped and murdered a girl in a Nevada casino bathroom
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John Hinckley
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shot president Ronald Reagan; pleaded insanity
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Michael Fay
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1994 case where he committed vandalism in Singapore and was sentenced to 6 lashes of a cane
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Joel Best
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"Damned Lies and Statistics"; bad statistics; critiquing statistics and pointing out its flaws; dark figure of crime
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Norman K. Denzin
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triangulation
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Patricia Adler
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"Wheeling and Dealing"; experiences in drug world; Grass City- place located somewhere between L.A and Mexico where she did her field work with a drug dealer
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Jeffrey Reiman
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carnival mirror; indirect and direct harms; "Rich Get Richer and Poor Get Prison"
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Gottfredson & Hirschi
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exploitive behavior definition of crime
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Cesare Lombroso
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"Criminal Man"; father of modern criminology; atavism- born criminal
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Anthony Platt
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critiques child saver movement
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Patti Hearst
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granddaughter of William R. Hearst who was kidnapped and forced to hold gun in armed robbery and was convicted for it
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James J Bulger
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FBI's Top 10 Most Wanted List for murdering many people; eventually caught
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Megan Kanka
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7 year old murdered by previously convicted sex offender; case that created Megan's Law
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independent variable
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predictor variable
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sampling
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taking a smaller portion of a population to represent a larger population
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level of analysis
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that segment of the phenomenon of interest that is measured and analyzed
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individual level theories
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focus on people's background and personal makeup
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social level theories
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concerned with social structure/cultural forces
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examples of traditional crime areas
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violent, property, vice crime
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examples of contemporary crime areas
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hacking, cyber bullying, hate
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why are crime offenders more likely to be victims?
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they are more vulnerable
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Why are prior victims of some crimes more at risk?
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cycle of victimization
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general rule of victimization
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people tend to victimize people with similar social aspects
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theory "criminologists" indicated best explains criminal behavior
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social learning theory
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range of forensic sciences
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forensic:
pathology, anthropology, chemistry, psychology, entomology |
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Sociology of Deviance: 4 big areas of study
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elicit drugs, suicide & mental illness, victimless crime, alternative sexuality
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prohibitory laws
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specify acts you cannot do
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obligatory laws
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specify acts you must do
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transfer of intent
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intent transferred to one victim to another
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concurrence of elements
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intent and guilty act must go together
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personal defenses
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where a person at the time of crime lacks mental capacity or ability to fully understand/appreciate consequences of their behavior;
insanity, age, involuntary intoxication, biology |
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Situational defenses
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necessity, self-defense, entrapment, accident, mistake, duress, provocation, consent
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origin of the victim's right movement
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feminist scholars advocating more sensitive treatment for domestic violence and rape victims; began in 1980's
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death row facts and figures
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3095 on death row as of july 1, 2013; 37 states have death penalty; 636 executed in past decade
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infraction
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punishable by monetary fines
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consensus model
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idea that criminal laws arise from widespread agreement
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conflict model
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organizations are better off competing with each other
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moral enterprise model
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activists
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group reaction definition of crime
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an act or behavior that offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience
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exploitive behavior definition
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acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self interest
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social harm definition of crime
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crime as a violation of any universal human right, particularly the rights to life, liberty, health, safety, and integrity
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part 2 crimes
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vandalism, embezzlement, prostitution, drug offenses, runaway
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hierarchy rule
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take most serious crime and register offender for just that over other crimes committed
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self report data
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count youth crime, drug, and alcohol use
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monitoring the future
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began 1975
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representative sample and sample size
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500-1500 respondents
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attitude towards legalization or medical use of marijuana
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in 2012, 48% believed it should be legalized, 50% believed it shouldn't
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attitudes about gun laws in American society
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in 2012, 46% believed current laws should be enforced more but no new laws should be passed, 47% believed new laws should be passed
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types of qualitative data
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field observation, in-depth interviewing
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field observation
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people go into the world/settings being studied
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in-depth interviewing
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one-on-one interview with person face to face
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triangulation
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best research are where researchers use 3 or more sources of data
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what makes for bad statistics
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-guessing problem
-definition problem -measurement problem -sampling problem |
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guessing problem
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numbers reported may be guesses
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definition problem
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how people define and issue/crime; wide definition = measure more
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measurement problem
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how variables are actually phrased
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sampling problem
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samples can be based on availability and are small, not representative of population
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UCR Homicide/Robbery/Assault rates in U.S. in 2011
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homicide: 4.7
robbery: 113.7 assault: 241.1 |
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UCR trends in U.S. murder rate since 1900
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1910-1930 doubled
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UCR trends in index crimes since 1990
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increased until 1993, then decreased
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most common index crime
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theft
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least common index crime
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murder
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offenses that count for high proportion of all arrests
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disorderly conduct, alcohol, drug related
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volume of guns in the U.S.
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2:5 people report a firearm in their household
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who gets victimized
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females more likely to be sexually assaulted/raped by someone they know, men more likely to be assaulted by stranger
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riskiest jobs
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police officer, taxi driver, corrections officer
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prevalence of school bullying
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1:3 youth reported being bullied in school
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prevalence of child sexual abuse
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1:4 girls
1:10 boys girls are 5x more likely to be sexually assaulted if they have a stepfather |
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gender risk of domestic violence
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33% females, 10% males murdered
males act on jealousy or infidelity more, females more likely to use a weapon |
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should fear be controlled?
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make objective of fear and perceived risk balanced
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the fear and perceived risk "dial"
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turn dial left, no fear which = no necessary precautions
turn dial right, too much fear = unnecessary precautions |
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type of crime the media reports
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crime that's least likely to happen; newsworthy is based on seriousness
makes serious crime seem more likely |
