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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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beat
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The smallest geographical area an officer patrols
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Bow Street Runners
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The first unofficial police investigative unit in England
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broken windows theory
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Proposes that small signs of public disorder set in motions a downward spiral of deterioration, neighborhood decline, and increasing crime.
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Community Policing
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Brings police and the public together to fight crime
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constable
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The first official law enforcement officer in a parish
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frankpledge police system
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An English policing system that spanned the 11th-13th centuries
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hue and cry
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A loud call for help used widely in the parish-constable police system
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hundred
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A group of 10 tythings
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Interpol
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An international criminal police organization that facilitates international police cooperation
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kin police system
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An English policing system between the 5th and 6th centuries where adult males volunteered to protect their neighbors
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Metropolitan Police Act
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The 1829 act that established the London Metropolitan Police force
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night watchman
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Adult male whose duty it was from sunset to sunrise to guard the town gates and to assist the constable in keeping the peace.
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parish-constable police system
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A police system in England between 1285 and 1829, where constables and night watchmen controlled crime
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Pendleton Act of 1883
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Legislation that created the Civil Service Commission to appoint federal holders based on competitive examinations and merit rather than political appointment.
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Police-population Ratio
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The number of sworn officers per 1000 citizens
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Private Security Officers
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Individuals who are employed by citizens and businesses to provide security
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problem-orientated policing
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A proactive crime-fighting strategy in which the police identify a problem and then develop a strategy for solving it.
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shire
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Groups of hundreds. Similar to counties today and under the control of the shire reeve.
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Shire Reeve
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The head of a shire and appointed by the king to maintain order and collect taxes and fines; today called a sheriff.
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Sheriff
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The principal law enforcement officier in a county
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state police agencies
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Police that protect the interests of the state
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sworn officers
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Officiers who have been legally empowered to arrest suspects, serve warrants, carry weapons, use force.
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thief-takers
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Private citizens in England in the 17th century who the government paid a reward for the apprehension and conviction of suspects
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tything
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A multifamily unit of 10 families
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uniformed police system
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A police system in the 19th century that was characterized by being a centralized, paid police force
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zero-tolerance policing
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A policing strategy that focuses on disorder, minor crime, and the appearance of crime
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abandoned property
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Property intentionally left behind or placed in a situation where others may responsibly take it into their possession
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affidavit of probable cause
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A document that lists evidence regarding a crime and asserts there is additional evidence of that crime in a certain location that needs to be searched
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arrest
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An action where police physically take a suspect into custody on the grounds that there is probable cause the suspect committed a crime
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arrest warrant
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A written court order instructing police to arrest a specific person for a specific crime
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booking
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The process of officially recording the name of an arrested individual, the place and time of arrest, the reason, and the name of the arresting authority
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Brown V. Mississippi
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Established involuntary confessions are inadmissible in state criminal prosecutions
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Carroll Doctrine
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Permits the warrantless search of a vehicle whenever police have a reasonable basis for believing the vehicle is involved in a crime
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Chimel V. California
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Established the one arms length rule, allows polce w/out a warrant to search suspects and to a limited extent the immediate area
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Confession
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A voluntary declaration by a suspect in which he or she admits his or her involvement in the crime
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consent search
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A legal, warrantless search conducted after a person gives consent to the police
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custody
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Assumed legal control of a person/object
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Escobedo V. Illinois
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Established that suspects accused of felonies may request an attorney during questioning
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exclusionary rule
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Prohibits the introduction of illegally obtained evidence/ confessions into a trial
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Gideon V. Wainwright
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Established that under the 6th amendment of the const. state courts must provide legal counsel in criminal cases for defendants who cannot afford one
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Good faith exception
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Evidence collected in violation of a suspect's rights under the 4th amendment may be admitted at trail if police had a good reason to believe that their actions were legal
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Hopt V. Utah
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Established guidelines for involuntary confessions
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inailenable rights
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Rights that cannot be surrended without a person's consent
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inevitable discovery rule
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If illegally obtained evidence would have eventually been discovered by lawful means, it is admissible regardlgess of how it was originally discovered
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in-presence requirement
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Police may not make a warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor offense unless the offense is committed in their presence
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interrogation
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A method used by police during an interview with a suspect to obtain information the suspect might not otherwise disclose
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involuntary confession
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A confession precipitated by promise, threat, fear, torture, or other external factor such as mental illness
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knock and announce rule
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The police must announce their presence and wait approximately 20 seconds before entering a home
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line-up
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A pretrial identification procedure in which several people are shown to a victim, who is asked if any of those individuals committed the crime
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Mapp V. Ohio
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Expanded the exclusionary rule to the states
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Miranda V. Arizona
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Established that criminal suspect must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police
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Miranda Warning
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A warning that police must recite at the time of a suspect's arrest, informing the suspect of his/ her const. rights to remain silent and have an attorney present during questioning
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plain view doctrine
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Standard that allows police to seize evidence that they discover in places where they have a legal right to be
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Probable Cause
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A set of facts and circumstances that would lead a sensible person to believe that a crime had been committed and the accused committed it
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reasonable suspicion
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Arises when a resonable officer could believe that a person has been, is, or is about to commit a crime
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search warrant
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A written order instructing police to examine a specific location for certain property or persons relating to a crime, to sieze the property, or persons if found, and to account for the results of the search to the judicial officer who issued the warrant
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silver platter doctrine
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Permitted state officers to hand over evidence that had been illegally obtained for use at federal trials
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stop and frisk rule
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The police may stop, question, and frisk individuals who are engaged in suspicious behavior
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Terry V. Ohio
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Police investigating suspicious behavior may stop, briefly detain, and frisk a person on a street, w/out having consent and probable cause
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totality of the circumstances rule
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Requires a judge to evaluate all available info when deciding whether to issue a search warrant
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United States V. Leon
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Est. the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, under which evidence that is produced in good faith and later discovered to be obtained illegally may still be admissible
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warrantless arrest
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An arrest w/out a warrant that may be executed if the police have probable cause to believe that a felony has been or is being committed
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Weeks V. United States
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Est. the exclusionary rule in federal cases
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corruption
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The misuse of authority by officers for the benefit of themselves or others
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deadly force
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An amount of force that is likely to cause death of the suspect
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defense-of-life-standard
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A policy mandating that the police can use deadly force only in defense of their lives or others
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fleeing-felon rule
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Law (prioir to 1985) stating than an officer could use deadly force if someone was running away and had commited a felony
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full law enforcement
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The police respond formally to all suspicioud behavior
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grass-eaters
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Police who accept payoffs that come their way
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meat-eaters
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Police officers who aggresively misuse their police powers for personal gain
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Police Brutality
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The unlawful use of force
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police discretion
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Authority of police to choose between alternative courses of action
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preservation-of-life standard
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A policy mandating that the police use every other means possible to maintain order before using deadly force
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rotten apples
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Police officers who will accept bribes and offers. Illegal activites
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rotten pockets
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Small groups of officers that participate in illegal activities
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selective law enforcement
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The police under-enforce some laws and over-enforce other laws
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stress
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A condition that occurs in response to adverse external influences and is capable of affecting an individual's physical health
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Tenessee V. Garner
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Reversed the fleeing-felon law. Replaced it with the defense-of-life standard
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