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5 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Auburn (Congregate) System
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Influenced by reports of success of the separate system in the Walnut Street Jail, NY tried this method.
Concept was a failure, and discontinued in 1824. In 1821, Elam Lynds, warden at Auburn worked out a new congregate system of prison discipline. Inmates were held in isolation at night but congregated in workshops during the day. Forbidden to talk or exchange glances while on the job or at meals. Lynds believed that convicts were incorrigible (different from the Quaker) and that industrial efficiency should be the primary purpose. Need a "whip to govern" Reign of discipline and obedience including lock-up and wearing prison stripes. Walked in single file lines. Convict labor for profit through a contract labor system became an essential part of Auburn. |
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Pennsylvania (Separate) System
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1787, Quakers formed "society for alleviating the miseries of public prisoners.
Rush and Franklin - replace corporal and capital punishment with incarceration 1790 passed legislation Solitary confinement to hard labor and abstinence from spirituous liquor will prove the most effectual means of reforming these unhappy creatures" Walnut Street Jail was expanded in 1790 to include the "penitentiary house" Solitary confinement for the serious offenders Legislators approved the opening of other penitentiaries |
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Reformers
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PA led the way to reform penal codes.
Added incarceration with hard labor as alternative to public punishments Incarceration developed in the aftermath of Revolution Penitentiary conceptualized by American Quakers first appeared in 1790 when Philadelphia's Walnut Street Jail converted to allow for separate confinement. While engaged in production labor, they could reflect on past misdeeds (repent and be reformed) Become penitent - see the errors of their ways. |
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Colonial Period
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Americans lived under laws and practices transferred from England
New England, Puritans maintained a strict society governed by religious principles through til the 1800s Punished rigourisly based on religious laws (banishment, corporal punishment, death.) 1682 William Penn of PA adopted "The Great Laws" based on the humane quaker principles Emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes Quaker code survived til 1718 then was replaced by the Anglican code, which was in place in other colonies. |
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Eastern State Penitentiary
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Opened in 1820
Was created by John Haviland Also known as separate system. Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison. In isolation offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent Within five years, met with investigators and skepticism 1913 went to the congregate system 1971 closed down due to costs and deterioration |
