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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Activist's criminology |
Refers to efforts of criminologists to influence policy within a social Justice framework |
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Arraignment |
The 1st stage of the trial process a definite appeared before the judge to respond to charges pleading guilty not guilty or nolo contendere (no contest). |
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Arrest |
When a suspect is taken into custody by lawn forsman officers under suspicion that he or she violated a law |
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Booking |
The process of formally recording the charges against a person in to police records often includes a mug shot fingerprints and other personal information |
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Crime control model |
A model characterizing the criminal Justice system in which cases are processed with a primary focus to give the need to protect the public |
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Criminal Justice system |
A phrase used to describe the 3 main components of criminal Justice the police the courts and corrections |
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Criminology |
The academic study of crimes and the circumstances surrounding them |
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Determinism |
A principle of science suggesting that behavior is caused or influenced by preceding events |
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Due process model |
A model characterizing the criminal Justice system that emphasizes the protection of defendants rights and is driven by respect for the formal structure of the law |
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Ethical neutrality |
A principle of science that States researchers should not allow their own ethical beliefs to guide their research efforts |
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Initial appearance |
When the suspect 1st appears before a judicial official to be formally notified of the charges advised of his or her rights and notified of bail decisions in some jurisdictions. |
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Juvenile Justice system |
The system through which cases involving juvenile offenders are processed |
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Objectivity |
A principle of science suggesting that scientists must not let their values drive their research endeavors |
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Parsimony |
A principle of science suggesting that scientists must create the simplest explanation possible and examining the topics under study |
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Preliminary hearing |
The stage in the criminal Justice process in some jurisdictions when a judge determines if probable cause exists to suggest that the suspect committed a crime |
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Skepticism |
A principle of science that States scientists must question everything |
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Trial |
A legal proceeding in which evidence is presented to a jury or a judge to determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant |
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Wedding cake model |
And anology used to describe the types of cases that flow through the criminal Justice system |
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Archival research |
The use of archives to conduct scientific endeavors |
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Complete observer |
A role for researchers and which they do not participate with the research subjects they observe only |
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Complete participant |
A role for researchers in which they participate and activities with the research subjects but do not identify themselves as researchers |
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Criminal law |
The branch of law that prescribes formal punishment for the violation of societies rules or offenses against the state |
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Criminal negligence |
Individuals fail to act in a responsible way and this failure to act can be connected to harmful results |
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Defense |
A legal strategy that defendant's use to establish that they should not be found guilty of a specific crime |
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General intent |
This aspect intended to commit the crime but may not have intended the specific consequences |
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Juvenile delinquency |
Illegal behaviors committed by individuals under 18 |
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Mala in se offenses |
Crimes considered to be inherently evil |
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Mala prohibita offenses |
Crimes that are Illegal simply because a particular government chooses to make the behaviors illegal |
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Participant as observer |
A role for researchers in which they participate in the activities but the research subjects know that they are being observed |
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Specific intent |
A suspect intended to commit an act and specific consequences can be associated with that act |
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Status offenses |
A class of offenses that are illegal for juveniles but not adults |
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Summary offences |
Minor offences that the Justice system is able to handle fairly quickly |
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Transferred intent |
An individual may be held liable for the behavior of others on the assumption that the individual's behavior contributed to the crime |
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Accomplice hypothesis |
A hypotheses explaining gender differences in crime that suggests that female involvement in crime is often in the role of an accomplice |
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Adolescence limited offenders |
Offenders whose antisocial behavior is temporary and does not extend beyond adolescence |
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Age crime curve |
A-line graph that illustrates the percentage of crimes committed by members of different age groups |
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Bounding |
The process of asking about victimization within a specific amount of time in order to reduce the likelihood of double counting a specific instance of victimization |
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Career criminal |
A member of the small group of offenders who appear to commits the vast majority of offenses |
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Chivalry hypothesis |
A hypothesis explaining gender differences in crime that suggests that females and males may be treated differently by criminal Justice officials insulating females from future offending |
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Clearance rate |
The percentage of crimes that were solved either by arrest or exceptional means |
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Crime clock |
Data reported in crime in the United States providing a general breakdown of how frequently crime occurs |
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Dark figure of crime |
A phrase used to describe the amount of crime that is not reported to police |
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Driving while black |
The believe that drivers that are black are more likely than white drivers to be stopped by police |
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Gender role hypothesis |
A hypothesis that explains gender differences in crime that suggest that different norms for the behavior of boys and girls may lead to differences in criminal behavior |
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Life course persistent offenders |
Offenders who continue to engage in crime throughout their life |
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Monitoring the future |
Federally funded longitudinally survey designed to track drug abuse by juveniles |
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National crime victimization survey |
A survey created in 1989 to assess victimization rates in different parts of the world |
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National incident based reporting system |
A national crime reporting system develops in the late 1980s in and efforts to provide more detail about crime incidents |
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Parenting hypothesis |
A hypothesis explaining gender differences in crime that suggests that differences in males and females results from different ways that boys and girls are treated by their parents |
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Part one offenses |
Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. |
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Parts to Offense |
Offenses that are technically less serious than part one offenses |
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Southern subculture of violence |
A phrase used to characterize the higher crime rates in the South, suggesting that southerners are socialized to accept, and use, violence in certain situations. |
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Telescoping |
Situations in which respondents in directly identify the timing of past events |
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Uniform crime reports |
A program administered by the FBI as a strategy to collect data about crimes that are reported to the police |
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Arson |
A crime in which an individual intentionally sets a structure on fire |
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Assault |
The attempts or threats to inflict harm on another person |
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Battery |
An actual completed assault |
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Burglary |
Unlawful entry into a structure with the intent to commit a felony |
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Child abuse |
Awesome known as child maltreatment, Crimes of violence perpetrated against a child by someone who has power over the child. |
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Child sexual abuse |
Sexual abuse committed against a child |
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Common couple violence |
Occasionals outbursts of violence that either males or females may perpetrate against their spouses |
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Corporate crime |
Instances when employees break rules in order to benefit the corporation |
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Date rape |
Synonyms with acquaintance rape in which victims and offenders know one another are not married and are not related |
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Elder abuse |
Violence targeted at an elderly person they can include emotional financial physical or sexual abuse and neglect |
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Elder sexual abuse |
Situations in which individuals perform a legal and an appropriate sexual activities targeted against older persons |
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Hate crimes |
Situations in which one is targeted for victimization because of demographic characteristics. (gender, race, religion, health status, or sexuality.) |
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Homicide |
The killing of one human being by another, maybe criminal or justifiable |
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Identity theft |
Stealing someone else's background, can be perpetrated through other crimes such as forgery credit card fraud and the like |
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Involuntary manslaughter |
Situations and which reckless acts lead to unintentional killings |
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Justifiable homicide |
Homicides in which the killing is justified in the eyes of the law |
