Cr/dr

Front 1

how many times does the electronic image intensifier can increase the brightness of the light emitted?

Back 1

5000 times

Front 2

this invention reduced fluoroscopic techniques to much less than one hundredth of those previously used, perhaps the greatest single improvement in patient exposure in the history of radiography.

Back 2

electronic image intensifier

Front 3

in 1899, who developed the concepts of both x-ray filtration and collimation?

Back 3

william rollins

Front 4

what are the filters of william rollins

Back 4

• aluminum plates (drastically reduced radiation exposure to patients)

• "diaphragms" (lead plates with apertures in them used to constrict the area of x-ray beam) (significantly reduced radiation to both workers and patients)

Front 5

in 1913, who used tungsten to produced an x-ray tube filament that could withstand extreme temperature?

Back 5

william coolidge

Front 6

process that allowed electrons to be boiled off of the cathode

Back 6

thermionic emission

Front 7

when was the first rotating anode x-ray tube was introduced?

Back 7

1929

Front 8

used negatively-charged pits in the cathode to surround the filament with negative charge. This caused the electron stream, as it left the filament, to be compressed such that the electrons converged to a small “focal spot” on the anode. This greatly enhanced image sharpness

Back 8

jackson focus tube

Front 9

when was the potter-bucky grid was introduced?

Back 9

1921

Front 10

Lead strips in the grid greatly reduced scattered radiation before it reached the film, but also left white “grid lines” as an artifact in the image. The Potter mechanism used a motor to oscillate the grid back and forth during exposure to blur out these grid lines.

Back 10

potter-bucky grid

Front 11

when was the phototimer or automatic exposure control device was demonstrated?

Back 11

1942

Front 12

other term for automatic exposure control device

Back 12

phototimer

Front 13

when was the first automatic film processor was developed?

Back 13

1942

Front 14

who invented the first screen cassette

Back 14

michael pupin of columbia university

Front 15

who developed the calcium tungstate as the material for the screem

Back 15

thomas edison

Front 16

what year did the intensifying screen using "rare earth" chemical compounds were developed?

Back 16

mid-1970s

Front 17

when was the first computerized processing of the still x-ray image was developed?

Back 17

mid 1970s

Front 18

the first computerized processing of still x-ray image was dubbed as what?

Back 18

computed radiography or CR

Front 19

since when did the other medical imaging modalities began to multiply?

Back 19

mid 1960s

Front 20

when was ultrasound became established as a medical imaging tool?

Back 20

1966

Front 21

computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) both came out in what year

Back 21

1973

Front 22

when was spiral CT became available?

Back 22

1990

Front 23

multislice CT became available in what year?

Back 23

1998

Front 24

what modality was first demonstrated in 1979

Back 24

Digital flouroscopy

Front 25

what year when PACS or digital PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM was introduced

Back 25

1982

Front 26

when did computed radiography or CR became comercially available?

Back 26

early 1980s

Front 27

it helped pave the way for direct digital radiography (dr)

Back 27

CR or computed radiographt

Front 28

direct-capture digital radiography was first demonstrated in what year?

Back 28

1996

Front 29

it has a miniature electronic xray detectors. this allows the xray image to be captured directly by the electronic elements with no intermediate steps

Back 29

direct-capture digital radiography (DR)

Front 30

what is the main advantage of all digital imaging?

Back 30

post processing

Front 31

it means that the contrast, brightness and several other aspects of the image can be manipulated and changed without repeating the original x-ray exposure.

Back 31

post processing

Front 32

this is the very goal of medical radiography

Back 32

to maximize diagnostic information while minimizing radiation exposure to the public

Front 33

uses film and intensifying screens in its image formation process

Back 33

conventional radiography

Front 34

film is placed on one or between two intensifying screens that emit light when struck by x-rays

Back 34

conventional radiography

Front 35

The light exposes the film in proportion to the amount and energy of the x-rays incident on the screen. The film is then processed with chemicals, and the manifest image appears on the sheet of film.

Back 35

conventional radiography

Front 36

The film is taken to a radiologist and placed on a light box for interpretation. For further review of how conventional radiographic images are created.

Back 36

conventional radiography

Front 37

who first used the digital imaging with the introduction of computed tomography (CT) scanner

Back 37

godfrey hounsfield in the 1970s

Front 38

it is any imaging acquisition process that produces an electronic image that can be viewed and manipulated on a computer. Most modern medical imaging modalities produce digital images that can be sent through a computer network to a host of locations.

Back 38

digital imaging

Front 39

major milestone in medical imaging

Back 39

invention of ct

Front 40

on what year was mri introduces comercially for health care use

Back 40

early 1980s

Front 41

what made it possible to see the dynamic (real time) image on a television monitor in higher resolution and to store the frames digitally on a computer

Back 41

analog-to-digital converters

Front 42

images created in these modalities were simply frame-grabbed (the image on the screen is captured and sent as an image file) and converted to digital image

Back 42

ultrasound and nuclear medicine

Front 43

who made the concept of moving images digitally

Back 43

albert jutras in canada during his experimentation with teleradiology

Front 44

moving images via telephone lines to and from remote location

Back 44

teleradiology

Front 45

who developed the early PACs

Back 45

us military

Front 46

cassette-based DR and the digital acquisition modality that uses storage phosphor plates to produce projection images

Back 46

computed radiography

Front 47

can be used in standard radiographic rooms just like film/screen

Back 47

Computed radiography

Front 48

cr was first introduced comercially in the united states in 1983 by whom?

Back 48

fuji medical systems japan

Front 49

in what year was CR began to be installed at a much greater rate because of the technological that had occurred in the decade since its introduction

Back 49

early 1990s

Front 50

cassette-less and uses an x-ray absorber material coupled to a flat panel detector or a charged coupled device (ccp) to form image

Back 50

digital radiography

Front 51

DR can be divided into two categories

Back 51

indirect capture and direct capture

Front 52

digital radiography devices absorb x-ray and convert them into light. The light is then detected by an area-CCD or thin-film transistor (TFT) array and then converted into an electrical signal that is sent to the computer for processing and viewing

Back 52

indirect capture

Front 53

convert the incident x-ray energy directly into an electrical signal, typically using a photoconductor as the x-ray absorber, and send the electrical signal to the computer for processing and viewing

Back 53

direct capture