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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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know from lecture the 3 characteristics of ( democracy) a democratic regime
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participation, competition, and liberty
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what are the 3 types of legitimacy as discussed in lecture
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traditional, charismatic, legal-rational
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traditional legitimacy
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valid because “it has always been done this way.” Accepted over a long period of time. Historical myths and legends. Continuity between past and present. Exemplified by monarchies. Heavily institutionalized.
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charismatic legitimacy
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opposite of traditional. Charisma as the force of ideas. Embodied in a single individual. Weakly institutionalized
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legal-rational legitimacy
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based on neither rituals nor force of ideas. Based on laws, procedures. Rules are key – how did someone come into power? Exemplified by George Bush, though some might contest this.
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what is inductive reasoning?
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creates own theory
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deductive reasoning
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data driven, facts
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quantitative method of research
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gather numerical data for statistical analysis. look for patterns, test ideas
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qualitative method of research
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carry out intensive study of cases through archival research, and interviews
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the uk is known to be a birthplace of which economic model?
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liberalism
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why was democratization in the uk a process of evolution and not revolution?
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begain with the 13th century limitations on absolute monarchs and continuing incrementally to the establishment of the rule of law in the 17th century and the extension of suffrage to women in the 20th century. the process still persists today, with reforms of the anachronistic upper house of the legislature, decentralization of power, and ongoing discussions about electoral reform. unlike many other democracies the uk can not attach a specific date or event to the advent of its democracy.
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the collapse of Communism is important for comparative politics because
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it was not predicted
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when an executive head is elected from within the legislature we usually refer to the legislative-executive system as
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parliamentary (UK)
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which term best describes the uk political regime
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majoritarian
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uks ethnic makeup
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relatively homogeneous
scots are mainly catholic or presbyterian english church of england gay rights and abortion not politicized degree of radical diversity |
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france's ethnic makeup
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relatively homogeneous
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uks relationship with the eu
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european skeptic
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france relationship with eu
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a very much in to it
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what did the magna carta do?
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limited power of monarchy and established rule of law
a royal promise to uphold feudal customs and rights. the magna carta set an important precedent by limiting the power of British monarchs and subjecting them to the law. as a result the uk never experienced the type of royal absolutism that was common in other countries ( for ex russia) and this in turn helped pave the way for public control over government and the state |
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how did democratization weaken or strengthen institutions in the uk?
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two factors gradually democratized parliament and further weakened monarchial power.
first was the rise of political parties. second was expansion of suffrage. |
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how did democratization weaken or strengthen institutions in france?
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?
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three estates in france?
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catholic clergy or first estate had primary responsibility for administering the legal system, the landed aristocracy. second estate, prosecuted the kinds wars and financiers form the commoners who made up the commercial class, or third estate, gathered the taxes that paid for the military, the luxuries of the court, and the rest of the state apparatus.
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why does the uk and france offer valuable study of regimes?
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uk is the worlds oldest democracy
no written constitution birthplace of industrial revolution |
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how has geography affected the development of regimes in france
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has border tension with neighbors to the ne. lead to more centralized absolute monarchy
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what legacies did louis the XI and his successors leave in france?
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absolutism, strong standing army, in place until 1789
centralized state |
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how would you describe the legislative-executive relations in france? the uk?
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uk parliamentary system
france- semi-presidential |
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charless de gaulle said he would only return to politics if what occurred?
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strong head of state, strong executive model
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states
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states are organizations that maintain a monopoly of violence over a territory
refer to a national organization |
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regimes
political regimes |
are the norms and rules regarding individual freedoms and collective equality , the locus of power and the use of that power.
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democratic regimes
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have rules that emphasize a large role for the public in governance, protect basic rights and freedoms, and attempt to ensure basic transparency of and accountability for government actions
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Authoritarian regimes
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limit the role of the public in decision making and often deny citizens basic rights and restrict their freedoms.
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government
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leadership or elite that administers the state
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politics
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?
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coercion
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rise of the state and institutions created inequality and harmed social balance (Rousseau)
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consensus
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social contract between ruler and ruled (Hobbes)
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modernization theory
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notion that if a country is to become more modern, they must look more like the US, UK, etc.)
o Dominant view post – WWII o Articulate how countries modernize or fail to do so o Hope to apply to American foreign policy o Spread capitalism an democracy as societies become more modern they inevitably become more democratic. o Modernization associated with: ➢ More education ➢ Weakening of older, traditional institutions ➢ Greater gender equality ➢ Rise of middle class |
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behaviorism
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(inherent to the notion of rationality, and that we are all rational beings)
o New approach to the study of comparative politics o Rejected qualitative approaches o Focused on behavior of individuals, not political structures o Favored greater use of statistics and statistical data gathering o Hope for a “grand theory” of politics |
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autonomy
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capacity
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sovereignty
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ability to carry out actions independently of internal/external challengers
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legitimacy
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: a value where someone or something is recognized or accepted as right and proper.
o Confers authority and power o Legitimate behavior is seen as the “right thing to do” from a sense of reciprocal responsibility o Consensus over coercion |
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traditional legitimacy
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valid because “it has always been done this way.” Accepted over a long period of time. Historical myths and legends. Continuity between past and present. Exemplified by monarchies. Heavily institutionalized.
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charismatic legitimacy
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opposite of traditional. Charisma as the force of ideas. Embodied in a single individual. Weakly institutionalized
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rational-legal legitimacy
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based on neither rituals nor force of ideas. Based on laws, procedures. Rules are key – how did someone come into power? Exemplified by George Bush, though some might contest this.
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institutions
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army, police, legislature, taxation
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common law
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a system based on local customs and precedent rather than formal legal codes. that system forms the basis of the contemporary legal systems of the uk ( with the exception of scotland) the united states, and many former british colonies
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code law
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law derived from from detailed legal codes rather than from precedent
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ethnicity
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refers to the specific attributes that make one group of people culturally different from others: for example customs. language, religion, geographical region, and history.
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nationalism
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a pride in ones people and the belief that they share a common political identity.
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society
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a broad term that refers to a complex human organization
collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations are conducted |
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national identity
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extent to which citizens of a country are bound together by a common set of political aspirations ( most often self-government and sovereignty)
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citizenry
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individuals or groups relationship to the state,
swear allegiance to the state state provides benefits people have obligations in return |
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majoritarian
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majority in parliament has virtually unchecked power. unlike political parities in other democracies, even parliamentary democracies, the majority party in the uk can enact policies with few checks from other branches of government. also unlike other democracies, there are no formal constitutional limits on the central government, few judicial restraints, and no constitutionally sanctioned local authorities to dilute the power of the government
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reign of terror
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seizure of power and class war launched by radical jacobins in revolutionary france
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coup d'etat
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forceful and sudden overthrow of a government
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laicit'e
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complete separation of religion from public life in france.
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federalism
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significant power devolved to the local level by constitution, not easily taken away. (Ex: taxes, education, security – local police/militia
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feudalism
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: A Source of Democratization
o Though hardly a democratic institution, feudalism did create a system of mutual obligations at two levels: ➢ Lords and Peasants ➢ Monarchs and Lords o Perhaps these obligations became the foundation for the eventual limits on royal power |
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absolute monarchy
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the stage in the evolutionary development of europe between the more decentralized feudal monarchies of the middle ages and the constitutional governments of the modern era. made several important contributions to the modern french state
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republic
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information about the state is public, not just for leaders to know. leaders are elected directly by the people or appointed
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cohabitation
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french president is a different political party then his legislature. so he appoints an opposite prime minister so he can gain support of legislature.
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blocked vote
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a vote that forces the legislature to accept bills in their entirety and allows amendments only if approved by the government
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motion of censure
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an act of legislature against the government, requiring new elections when proposed legislation submitted as matters of confidence are not passed
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constitutional council in france
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has the power of abstract review, which is allowing it do decide questions that do not arise from legal cases, sometimes even allowing it to make judgments on legislation that has not yet been enacted
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constitutional council
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has the power of abstract review, which is allowing it do decide questions that do not arise from legal cases, sometimes even allowing it to make judgments on legislation that has not yet been enacted
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council of state in france
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it determines constitutionality of decrees and regulations. its the highest court and hears cases
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understand
legislative-executive systems parliamentary system |
seen among our cases in germany, india, japan, uk) features an executive head of government ( often refereed to as a prime minister) who is usually elected from with in the legislature. the prime minister is usually the leader of the largest political party in the legislature. the pm and the cabinet ( the body of chief ministers or officials in gov in charge of such policy areas as defense, agriculture etc) are charged with formulating and executing policy. the head of state has largely ceremonial duties and is usually either an indirectly elected president or a hereditary monarch
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difference between electoral and liberal democracy
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electoral vote for themselves.
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uks regime
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highly majoritarian features.
parliament has virtually unchecked power |
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political attitudes?
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o Radicals: seek revolutionary change, violently if necessary.
o Liberals: seek evolutionary change. o Conservatives: seek little or no change of system. o Reactionaries: seek to restore previous order, violently if necessary |
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political behaviors
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semi-presidential system
legislative-executive systems |
france and russia, this systems includes both a prime minister approved by the legislature and a directly elected president, with two sharing executive power. in practice, semi-presidential systems tend to produce strong presidents akin to those in pure presidential systems, nut the exact balance between the executives varies form case to case
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presidential system
L-E S |
used by brazil, mexico, and usa, combines the roles of head of state and head of government in the office of the president. these systems feature a directly elected president who holds most of the governments executive powers. Presidential systems have directly elected legislatures that to varying degrees serve as a check on presidential authority
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proportional representation PR
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most commonly used of the two. brazil, russia, and south africa employ this system. pr relies on multimember districts (MMDs) in which more than one legislature seat is contested in each electoral district. voters cast their ballots for a list of party candidates in each electoral district rather than for a single representative, and the percentage of votes a party receives in a district determines how many of that districts seats the party will win. this, the percentage of votes each party wins in each district should closely correspond to the percentage of seats allocated to each party. pr systems produce legislatures that often closely reflect the percentage of votes won nationwide by each political party. as a result they tend to foster multiple political parties, including small ones
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Single member districts (SMDs)
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france, uk, usa. in these systems, there is only one representative active for each constituency, and in each district the candidate with the greatest number of votes( not necessarily a majority) wins the seat. As opposed to pr systems, SMD votes cast for all but the one winning candidate are, in effect, wasted: that is, they do not count toward any representation in the legislature. SMD systems tend to discriminate against small parties, especially those with a national following rather than a geographically concentrated following.
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mixed electoral system
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germany, japan, and mexico voters are given two votes, one for a candidate and the other for a party. Candidates in smds are elected on the basis of a plurality; other seats are elected from MMDs are allocated using PR
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france regime
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semi-presidential
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what are duvergers laws
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pr that leads to many party
two round leads to multiple party 1st past post smd result in two parties |
