Cpce Study Guide

Front 1

Who was the founder of REBT

Back 1

Albert Ellis

Front 2

In REBT what is A?

Back 2

An external event

Front 3

In REBT what is B?

Back 3

The belief about A (the external event)

Front 4

In REBT what is C?

Back 4

The emotion or behavior stemming from B (the belief about A-the external event)

Front 5

In REBT what is D?

Back 5

Disputing irrational beilefs

Front 6

In REBT what is E?

Back 6

The alternate thoughts of beliefs produced from D (disputing irrational beliefs)

Front 7

In MultiModal Therapy what is BASIC ID?

Back 7

Behavior, Affect, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, & Drugs and Biology

Front 8

Who was the founder of MMT (MultiModal Therapy)?

Back 8

Arnold Lazarus

Front 9

Who was the inventor of the RIASEC model?

Back 9

John Holland

Front 10

What does RIASEC stand for?

Back 10

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional

Front 11

Doers

Back 11

Realistic

Front 12

Thinkers

Back 12

Investigative

Front 13

Creators

Back 13

Artistic

Front 14

Helpers

Back 14

Social

Front 15

Persuaders

Back 15

Enterprising

Front 16

Organizers

Back 16

Conventional

Front 17

What is the co-efficient of determination?

Back 17

The degree of common variance or the square of the correlation.

Front 18

What is the co-efficient of Non-determination?

Back 18

Otherwise known as the error or unique variance. It is the difference between 100 and the co-efficient of determination. Ie: If the correlation = .80. Co-efficient of determination would then = 64% which means the error variance (co-efficient of non-determination) = 36%

Front 19

Independent Variable

Back 19

The factor in the experiment that is changed by the researcher.

Front 20

Dependent Variable

Back 20

What is being measured by the study and is changed in response to the changes in the independent variable.

Front 21

Type I error

Back 21

Alpha Error: The null hypothesis is rejected as false or unproven when it is actually true.

Front 22

Type II error

Back 22

Beta Error: The null hypothesis is accepted (not rejected) when it is actually false.

Front 23

This error is usually a result of a too small sample size

Back 23

Type II (Beta error)

Front 24

This error has an inverse relationship with the significance level. When the significance level goes up, the instance of this error goes down.

Back 24

Type II (Beta error)

Front 25

Post-Hoc Test

Back 25

Multiple comparison tests.

Front 26

Multiple comparison or Post-Hoc tests

Back 26

Can be done after data sets are determined to have similar F-values

Front 27

F-value

Back 27

The explained variance (or between group variability)/ the unexplained variance (or within group variability)

Front 28

Non-Parametric Tests

Back 28

Validation tests used when a study yields values that are NOT distributed normally or the sample variance is close to that of the population.

Front 29

ANCOVA

Back 29

Analysis of Co-Variance. Used in studies where the dependent variable is controlled ie: through using non-random samples, or statistically adjusting variables.

Front 30

One-Way Analysis

Back 30

A test for differences when the study involves three or more independent groups or levels.

Front 31

Factor Analysis of Variance

Back 31

ANOVA. Used in the study of two or more variables. 2x2 design (with 2 independent variables) is the most common although more multilevel designs can be used.

Front 32

Multivariate Analysis of Variance

Back 32

MANOVA. Used in studies with more than 2 independent variables and several dependent variables.

Front 33

Non-Experimental Types of Research

Back 33

Survey, Descriptive, Comparative, Correlational, & Ex-Post Facto.

Front 34

Quantitiative Research

Back 34

Is systematic and uses scientific methods

Front 35

Descriptive or Statistical

Back 35

Documents frequencies, averages, who, what, when, where & how of the data. Ie: Ratings chart.

Front 36

Comparative

Back 36

Compares two or more groups without changing any of the experiences.

Front 37

Correlational

Back 37

Where the degree of relationship is determined by the correlation coefficient.

Front 38

Ex-Post Facto or Casual Comparative

Back 38

Discovers relationships between pre-existing variables. Ie: T-test & Variance statistics.

Front 39

Types of Research

Back 39

Deductive & Inductive

Front 40

Sets out to prove or disprove a theory by collecting data and testing hypotheses.

Back 40

Deductive

Front 41

Works from known information to develop a theory by establishing relationships or patterns within the data.

Back 41

Inductive

Front 42

Research

Back 42

The collecting and analyzing of information about a particular subject by searching through material, observation, or experiments.

Front 43

Qualitative Research

Back 43

An in-depth investigation of the subject

Front 44

Interactive Qualitative Research

Back 44

Case Studies and Ethnography

Front 45

Non-Interactive Qualitative Research

Back 45

Study and Analysis of literature on a particular subject

Front 46

Experimental research

Back 46

Uses control factor, dependent and independent variables. Random & confounding variables are eliminated. Hypothesis is measured by the changes in the independent variable vs. the control.

Front 47

Quasi-Experimental research

Back 47

Uses no control so results may not be unequivocal

Front 48

Quantitative Research

Back 48

Studies the Cause and Effect between variables

Front 49

T-test

Back 49

Compares the mean of 2 independent data sets to determine if there is a significant statistical difference between them. It can establish the existence (or lack thereof) of a relationship between data sets before a full standard deviation value is determined.

Front 50

Chi-Square Test

Back 50

Used to determine significant differences in the distribution of 2 data sets. Used to determine whether data fits a known type of distribution or whether different attributes or factors in a single set are related or independent.

Front 51

Used to see if two data sets or populations are homogeneous when compared to each other.

Back 51

Chi-Squared Test

Front 52

Bivariate Tabular Analysis (or Crossbreak)

Back 52

A method of graphically illustrating the relationship of two variables by using an X/Y graph.

Front 53

Which variable goes on the Vertical Axis?

Back 53

Independent

Front 54

Which variable goes on the Horizontal Axis?

Back 54

Dependent

Front 55

Significance level

Back 55

Indicates the probability of making a Type I error. Usually set as low as possible (.05 or 5%).

Front 56

Multiple Regression

Back 56

A procedure using the correlation co-efficient to learn about the relationship between multiple independent variables and the dependent variable.

Front 57

Solomon Four Group design

Back 57

A study of whether pretesting affects the subjects of a study.

Front 58

Confounding Variables include:

Back 58

Selection of Subjects, Testing Instruments, Maturation and Experiences of Subjects during the study, & Experimenters themselves.

Front 59

Internal Validity:

Back 59

the extent to which the results of the experiment can be attributed to the variable under study because extraneous/confounding variables have been controlled for.

Front 60

Levels of Measurement include:

Back 60

NOIR: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, & Ratio

Front 61

Elizabeth Lofus

Back 61

Cognition, Eyewitness Tesimny

Front 62

Abraham Mazlow

Back 62

Humanistic. Self-actualization, Motivation, Emotion, Treatment of psychological disorders.

Front 63

Stanley Milgram

Back 63

Social Psychologist. Obedience study.

Front 64

Jean Piaget

Back 64

Developmental Psychologist. Stage theory of cognitive development. Sensorimotor, Pre-Operational, Concrete, and Formal Operational.

Front 65

Carl Rogers

Back 65

Humanistic. Person-Centered Therapy. Unconditional Positive Regard. Self-Theory of Personality.

Front 66

Erik Erickson

Back 66

Developmental Psychology. Psycho-Social Stages of Development (8 stage theory).

Front 67

Sigmund Freud

Back 67

Personality and Stages of Consciousness. Psychoanalysis. Theory of Dreaming. Psycho-sexual stages of development.

Front 68

Harry Harlow

Back 68

Developmental Psychology. Attachment Studies.

Front 69

Carol Gilligan

Back 69

Developmental Psychology. Challenged Kohlberg.

Front 70

William James

Back 70

Published first Psychology textbook

Front 71

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 71

Developmental Psychology. Three stages of Moral Development: Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-Conventioal.

Front 72

David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

Back 72

Sensations and Perception. Discovered feature detectors (groups of neurons in cortex).

Front 73

B.F. Skinner

Back 73

Behaviorist. Learning. Reinforcement. Operant Conditioning.

Front 74

John Watson

Back 74

Behaviorist. Learning. Fear conditioning. White Rat study.

Front 75

Stanley Schater

Back 75

Motivation and Emotion: 2 factor theory.

Front 76

Benjamin Whorf

Back 76

Cognition. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis.

Front 77

Whilhem Wundt.

Back 77

Opened the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. Structuralist.

Front 78

Mary Ainsworth

Back 78

Developmental Psychology. Strange Situation with babies.

Front 79

Solomon Asch

Back 79

Social Psychology. Conformity. Impression Formation.

Front 80

Albert Bandura

Back 80

Social Learning Theory (modeling). Learning and Personality. Reciprocal Determinism (triadic reciprocality). Self-efficacy.

Front 81

Alfred Binet

Back 81

Testing and Individual Differences. Developmental Psychology. First IQ test creator.

Front 82

Noam Chomsky

Back 82

Cognition. Critical Learning period for language acquisition.

Front 83

Stratified Sampling

Back 83

Divides the population into subgroups according to some criteria then selects subjects from each group. Increases External Validity.

Front 84

Proportional Stratified Sampling

Back 84

Selection from each subgroup based on the representative % of the entire population.

Front 85

Cluster Sampling

Back 85

Divides the population into subgroups & then selects a random sample from each cluster.

Front 86

Purposeful Sampling

Back 86

Selecting subjects for in-depth study (not to be generalized).

Front 87

Convenience/Volunteer Samples

Back 87

Do not produce normal score distributions (not to be generalized). For information only.

Front 88

Individual Psychology -Alfred Adler and Rudolph Dreikurs

Back 88

Uniqueness of the Individual. Importance of social influences. Sense of inferiority and striving for superiority. Unified life plan. Life histories, homework assignments, and paradoxical intentions.

Front 89

Client-Centered Therapy- Carl Rogers

Back 89

The process o becoming. The client-therapist relationship. Unconditional Positive regard. Congruence, genuineness, & empathic understanding. Wrote the book On Becoming a Person

Front 90

Gestalt Therapy -Fritz and Laura Perls

Back 90

Existential Principles. Focus on Here & Now of perceptions and feelings. Integration of self. Figure-Ground concept (focused figures=main issues/ground=background relationships). As the main need is met, this completes Gestalt. Wrote the book In and Out of the Garbage Can

Front 91

Transactional Analysis- Eric Berne

Back 91

Personality has three ego states: Parent, Adult, & Child. A life script develops during childhood that influences behavior. Many transactions between people are games to avoid intimacy. Wrote a book called Games People Play

Front 92

Type of Validity

Back 92

Predictive: Predictions made by the test are confirmed by later behavior.

Front 93

Stability

Back 93

Refers to test-retest reliability.

Front 94

Equivalence

Back 94

A type of reliability: Using alternate forms of the same test with the same group and correlating the results.

Front 95

Three periods of occupational choice according to Ginzberg, Ginzberg, Alexrad, & Herma's developmental theory.

Back 95

Fantasy, Tentative, & Realistic

Front 96

Existential Therapy- Rollo May, Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom

Back 96

Is based on Phenomenology, or the study of our direct experiences taken at face value rather than our interpretations of them.

Front 97

Reality Therapy - William Glasser

Back 97

Based on Choice Theory. We determine our own fates. Taking responsibility. We all have genetically based needs of survival, love and belonging, power or achievement, freedom or independence, and fun.

Front 98

Four key elements to building a helping relationship

Back 98

1) Human Relations-empathy, respect, genuineness; 2) Social Influence -competence, power, intimacy; 3) Skills -micro-skills, communication skills (attending, reflecting, inquiry); 4) Theory -theoretical knowledge that helps therapists to understand the self.

Front 99

Erich Fromm

Back 99

Believed that individuals could develop self-fulfillment or social character through joining with other people and could become lonely and unproductive if they did not. Mutual Love and Respect through societal opportunities.

Front 100

Harry Stack Sullivan

Back 100

Favored a social systems approach. Human behavior is best understood in terms of social interactions and interpersonal relationships.

Front 101

Wilhelm Reich

Back 101

Contributed to the body therapy manipulation movement. Believed multiple orgasms were necessary for mental health.

Front 102

Karen Horney

Back 102

Believed that security motivates every individual and a lack of security causes anxiety. Irrational attempts to repair disrupted relationships could turn into neurotic needs.

Front 103

Carl Rogers-Rogerian approach to counseling

Back 103

Focuses on the phenomenological reality of the client and his/her feelings

Front 104

Alfred Alder/Randoplh Dreikurs-Individual Psychological approach to counseling

Back 104

Focused on helping clients gain insights into themselves.

Front 105

Classical Conditioning

Back 105

Evokes Involuntary Response

Front 106

Operant Conditioning

Back 106

Evokes Voluntary Response

Front 107

Open group

Back 107

New members may be admitted to replace drop outs.

Front 108

Closed group

Back 108

No new members are admitted after the group has formed.

Front 109

Donald Super's developmental approach to careers involved five vocational developmental tasks.

Back 109

Crystallization (14-18 yrs); Specification (18-21 yrs); Implementation (21-24 yrs); Stabilization (24-35 yrs); Consolidation (35 yrs +)

Front 110

Standard Deviation

Back 110

Description of the variability within a distribution of scores. The mean of all the deviations from the mean. Excellent measure of the dispersion of scores. Describes the dispersion of scores better than the variance does.

Front 111

Bell-shaped curve

Back 111

Is divided into six parts. Three above the mean, three below. 68% fall in the first standard deviation from the mean, 27% fall two standard deviations from the mean, 4% fall three standard deviations from the mean.

Front 112

The Empirical Rule

Back 112

68-95-99 = the distribution of scores on a bell curve by percentage.

Front 113

Clifford Beers

Back 113

Published A Mind That Found Itself - an expose on the conditions in mental institutions in 1908.

Front 114

Jesse Davis

Back 114

Worked as a counselor in a Detroit high school in 1898

Front 115

1954

Back 115

Office of Vocational Rehabilitation was created

Front 116

1962

Back 116

California passed a licensure law for Marriage and Family Therapists and Child counselors

Front 117

1976

Back 117

Virginia passed the first general practice counselor licensure law

Front 118

1981

Back 118

CACREP was established (Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs)

Front 119

Three broad areas of change identified by Developmentalists

Back 119

Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Development

Front 120

Assimilation (Piaget)

Back 120

When a child incorporates additional objects or events into it's existing schema. Ie: sucking on something other than a nipple.

Front 121

Accommodation (Piaget)

Back 121

Forming new schemas in response to the environment

Front 122

We inherit these two tendencies (Piaget)

Back 122

Adaptation (includes assimilation and accommodation) and Organization

Front 123

Five different culture types

Back 123

1) Human Biology; 2) Culture of Ecology; 3) Racio-Ethnic; 4) Regional; 5) National

Front 124

Rollo May's Existential Therapy & William Glasser's Reality Therapy

Back 124

Say we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our own fates.

Front 125

Albert Ellis (REBT)

Back 125

Cognitive Behavioral Psychologist. Focused more on rational self-analysis than issues of freedom or responsibility. Viewed irrational belief systems, self-talk, and crooked thinking caused emotional disturbances.