Psych 101 Study Guide

Front 1

What are the 2 major components of the nervous system

Back 1

Central: Brain, Spinal Cord
Peripheral: Everything else, from spinal cord to muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Front 2

In the Peripheral Nervous system, what system pertains to our *voluntary* movements?

Back 2

The Somatic Nervous System: Network of nerves connected to sensory receptors or muscles that are moved voluntarily.

Front 3

What are the 2 sub-systems of the Somatic Nervous System?

Back 3

The Afferent: Carry info from sensory receptors TO the spinal cord & brain

The Efferent: Carry info FROM the spinal cord and brain to sensory receptors in the muscles and glands.

Front 4

In the Peripheral Nervous system, what sub-system pertains to our *involuntary* movements?

Back 4

Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates heartrate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion; mostly involuntary.

Front 5

What are the 2 sub-systems in the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 5

Sympathetic Division: Triggered by challenging stimuli, increases physiological arousal and prepares the body for action. Adaptive; chemicals are released which trigger us to action.

Parasympathetic Division: RETURNS body to relaxed state, involved in digestion. Happens after Sympathetic Division.

Front 6

In the Forebrain, what are the 4 major parts of the brain?

Back 6

Frontal: Personality, emotions, motor behavior
Parietal: perception, sensory experiences
Occipital: process visual information
Temporal: hearing, speaking, language, auditory.

Front 7

The layers of cells that covers most of the forebrain, where most neurons are located. This is also the portion of the brain that distinguishes humans from other animals.

Back 7

Cerebral Cortex

Front 8

A common practice between the years 1935-1960, where 1/3 of the frontal lobe was removed in order to alleviate emotional distress.

Back 8

Frontal Lobotomy

Front 9

The portion of the brain in the back of the frontal lobe that is involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements.

Back 9

Motor Cortex

Front 10

The CEO, or portion of the Forebrain that retains executive functions such as attention, organizing, planning, deciding, etc.

Back 10

Frontal Lobe

Front 11

Largest part of the brain. Contains two hemispheres, REGULATES: cognitive, sensory, and motor fnctions; eating, sleeping, emotions, reproductive functions, temp regulation

Back 11

Fore-brain

Front 12

Forms major part of brain stem; connects forebrain to spinal cord -- info races through here before getting to forebrain. Pleasure center stimulated by sex, attractive faces, money -- CONTROLS SENSORY PROCESSES.

Back 12

Midbrain

Front 13

Composed of:
PONS--Bridge to transport messages between spinal cord & brain

MEDULLA(Oblongata)--Controls reflexes such as heart rate and respiration.
CEREBELLUM--Coordination/Equilibrium

Back 13

Hindbrain

Front 14

IN THE FOREBRAIN:
Layers of cells that covers most of the forebrain; most neurons are located here.

Back 14

Cerebral Cortex.

Front 15

Part of the FOREBRAIN that controls: PERSONALITY, EMOTIONS, MOTOR BEHAVIOR--EXECUTIVE FUNCTION

Back 15

Frontal Lobe

Front 16

Part of FOREBRAIN that controls: PERCEPTION, SENSORY EXPERIENCES

Back 16

Parietal

Front 17

Part of FOREBRAIN that controls: VISUAL INFORMATION

Back 17

Occipital

Front 18

Part of FOREBRAIN that controls: HEARING, SPEAKING, LANGUAGE, AUDITORY

Back 18

Temporal

Front 19

This portion; IN THE BACK OF THE FRONTAL LOBE controls movement, is involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements

Back 19

Motor Cortex

Front 20

In the MOTOR CORTEX, more complex movements and Each body part have this..

Back 20

More area/their own areas.

Front 21

The portion of the FOREBRAIN that processes sensory information--Such As: Touching, locating body parts, Temperature, Pain -- Perceiving objects (Spatial relations)

Back 21

Parietal Lobe

Front 22

The portion that does the actual processing of sensory information in the PARIETAL LOBE

Back 22

Somasensory Cortex

Front 23

The SOMASENSORY CORTEX is similar to the Motor Cortex except that, it does not regulate movement, but rather

Back 23

regulates and dictates SENSORY rather than MOVEMENT

Front 24

The two parts of the Temporal Lobe: They parse and process auditory information

Back 24

Primary Auditory Cortex: Interprets signals
Auditory Association Area: Interprets the 'meanings' of the information parsed from the Primary Auditory Cortex

Front 25

In the frontal lobe, this area is responsible for the PRODUCTION of speech and sound

Back 25

Broca's area

Front 26

In the frontal lobe, this area is responsible for the comprehension of speech and sound

Back 26

Wernicke's Area

Front 27

The two main portions of the Occipital Lobe: They process visual information

Back 27

Primary Visual Cortex: Parses visual information (lines, shadows, shapes, etc)
Visual Association Area: Interprets the information the Primary Visual Cortex parsed, to interpret into meaningful information

Front 28

In the OCCIPITAL LOBE: People with this syndrome have had damage to their occipital lobe, which results in failure to see things on the opposite side of the damaged area

Back 28

Neglects Syndrome

Front 29

Also known as The Old Brain (Lives in the Forebrain)

Back 29

Limbic System

Front 30

The Group of interconnected structures that make up the core of the forebrain: (HINT: 4 of them)

Back 30

Hypothalamus: thirst, motivation (low blood sugar)
Amygdala: Facial Expressions
Thalamus: Process Information/Organization
Hippocampus: Storing Memory

Front 31

The Limbic system is responsible for these TWO basic functions

Back 31

Regulates motivations: food, drink, sex and Organize behaviors: fear, anger

Front 32

In this system lives the 'Fight or Flight' response, also known as Sympathetic Division

Back 32

Autonomic System

Front 33

The process by which a sense organ transforms physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses, which are then sent to brain

Back 33

Transduction

Front 34

This process decreases the response of sense organs, the more they are exposed to a continuous level of stimulation

Back 34

Adaptation

Front 35

Sensation is...

Back 35

The components that make up PERCEPTION-- Meaningful information parsed from electrical signals from sense organs.

Front 36

This happens after the brain combines hundreds of sensations--creates meaningful sensory experiences

Back 36

Perception

Front 37

The parts of the eye...

Back 37

Cornea
Pupil
Iris
Lens
Retina

Front 38

The rounded front of the eye which bends light waves into narrow beams

Back 38

Cornea

Front 39

The opening that allows light waves to enter the eye

Back 39

Pupil

Front 40

The Muscle surrounding the Pupil-- controls the amount of light entering

Back 40

Iris

Front 41

oval portion of the eye that further bends light

Back 41

Lens

Front 42

Film of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye that absorbs light --THIS IS WHERE TRANSDUCTION BEGINS--

Back 42

Retina

Front 43

IN the Retina, this process begins transduction

Back 43

Locus of Transduction

Front 44

In the Locus of Transduction this process happens in what parts of the retina?

Back 44

Cones and Rods

Front 45

When light hits the rods and cones what happens

Back 45

Activation triggers nerve impulses

Front 46

Once the rods & cones receive the light and begin transduction, where are the signals sent next?

Back 46

Optic Nerve -- this is what sends the signals to the brain, via the Visual Pathway

Front 47

What makes up the Visual Pathway?

Back 47

Primary Visual Cortex to the Visual Association Area

Front 48

Theory of Color in which it is believed that there are 3 types of cones responsible for processing primary colors

Back 48

Trichromatic

Front 49

Theory which believes there are PAIRS of colors for which the cells in the retina and thalamus will respond

Back 49

Opponent Process Theory

Front 50

In the Opponent Process Theory, when cells are excited they.....
When they are inhibited...

Back 50

Respond to one color pair

Respond to the other

Front 51

Monochromats

Back 51

Black and White colorblindness; no rods or not cones, only one

Front 52

Dichromats

Back 52

Trouble distinguishing between red and green -- deficient in cones

Front 53

The Middle ear contain these tiny bones

Back 53

Ossicles

Front 54

The inner ear contain these two main parts

Back 54

Cochlea & Vestibular System

Front 55

Cochlea & Vestibular System--which one is responsible for Transduction?

Back 55

Cochlea

Front 56

Cochlea & Vestibular System--which one is responsible for balance?

Back 56

Vestibular System

Front 57

in the Vestibular System (BALANCE), what is the system composed of?

Back 57

Semicircular Canals; 3 of them, filled with fluid, fluid moves as head moves and then sensed by the canals.

Front 58

What are two malfunctions of the Vestibular System?

Back 58

Vertigo and Meniere's Disease

Front 59

What part of the brain is responsible for TASTE?

Back 59

In the Parietal Lobe -- the Somasensory Cortex

Front 60

What is another name for 'Smell'?

Back 60

Olfaction; smell is stimulated by chemicals in the air

Front 61

Where do the olfactory cells live?

Back 61

in the Olfactory bulb -- these cells absorb chemicals and release nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Front 62

What are the three major components to TOUCH?

Back 62

Hair sensors --sense vibrations

Free Nerve Endings-- sense pressure, pain, temp

Pacinian Copuscle -- Larges Touch Sensor (he never really told us what this does)

Front 63

what is Gate Control Theory?

Back 63

When pain impulses compete with non-pain impulses. The competition creates a bottleneck effect, and depending on the intensity of both, one will win out.

Front 64

From the Main Nervous System, Branch 1 is...

Back 64

Central & Peripheral

Front 65

From the Central and Peripheral Branches, The Peripheral Branch contains...

Back 65

Somatic (Voluntary) & Autonomic (Involuntary)

Front 66

From the Somatic and Autonomic Branches, the Autonomic Branch Contains...

Back 66

Sympathetic(Increased arousal) & Parasympathetic(relax, digest)