Cp250F16 Exam 1

Front 1

1 Enoch

Back 1

deuterocanonical (Apocrypha) book, only found in small orthodox denominations

Front 2

Ancient Near East

Back 2

geographical region where the Biblical narrative takes place; includes regions like Egypt, Canaan, Babylon, Assyria, and Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)

Front 3

Anthology

Back 3

a published collection of poems or other writings

Front 4

Apocrypha

Back 4

the official name for the Deuterocanonical writings of the OT; embraced by Catholic/Orthodox denominations, rejected by Protestants and Jews

Front 5

Aquila

Back 5

with Priscilla, a first century Christian missionary team influential in strengthening the early Christian church during the time of the 70 disciples

Front 6

Aramaic

Back 6

a language of the OT, mainly in Daniel and Ezra

Front 7

Augustine

Back 7

Patristic-era Christian theologian, helped formulate the doctrine of original sin

Front 8

Authority (of Scripture)

Back 8

refers to the sovereignty of the Bible over human conduct, as well as the accuracy of the Bible in light of science and history

Front 9

Autograph

Back 9

original writing of the Biblical text

Front 10

Ba'al

Back 10

title given to God in Northern kingdom during the period of the Monarchy, partly causing the kingdom to split; mainly attributed to the primary Canaanite god (see 1 Kings 18)

Front 11

bartering

Back 11

exchanging goods or services for other goods or services without the use of money

Front 12

BCE

Back 12

formerly BC, referring to the years before the Christian Era

Front 13

Bedouin

Back 13

"desert dwellers;" Arab semi-nomadic ethnic group, descended from the inhabitants of the Arabian and Syrian deserts

Front 14

betrothal

Back 14

a mutual promise or contract for a future marriage

Front 15

bride price

Back 15

the summation of goods or money given by a man to the family of the woman he has just (or is about to) wed

Front 16

canon

Back 16

a collection of texts viewed as authoritative by a particular group of people

Front 17

canonization

Back 17

the process of building the Biblical canon; can also refer to the process by which the Catholic or Orthodox church inducts a person into the list of saints

Front 18

CE

Back 18

formerly AD, referring to the years of (or after) the Christian Era

Front 19

codex

Back 19

an ancient manuscript text in book form, held together by stitching

Front 20

coherence

Back 20

a term referring to the internal consistency and unity of the Bible; also refers to how well the reading stands up to rules of interpretation

Front 21

contextual

Back 21

a term referring to the seriousness with which the Bible takes into account the literary, historical, and cultural context out of which the text is derived

Front 22

Council of Carthage

Back 22

can refer to a series of meetings held by the early church in the Patristic period, but usually refers specifically to the Council of 397, wherein the church declared the official Christian Canon

Front 23

Council of Trent

Back 23

held by the Catholic Church between 1545-1563 as a direct response to the Protestant Reformation; often referred to as the Counter- or Catholic- Reformation

Front 24

credible

Back 24

a term referring to the soundness and believability of the Bible

Front 25

cultural context

Back 25

a term referring to the relevance or consistency of the Bible within the beliefs, values, and practices of the society of which it speaks

Front 26

Dead Sea Scrolls

Back 26

a collection of 981 different texts discovered in the caves of Qumran between 1946-56

Front 27

deuterocanon

Back 27

literally, "second canon," it is a term referring to the collection of writing known as the Apocrypha

Front 28

"Disputed Documents"

Back 28

also known as the Antilegomena, a series of writings whose authority and place in the canon were at one point disputed; includes James, Jude, Revelation, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John, Gospel of Hebrews, Letter to the Hebrews, Apocalypse of Peter, Paul, Hermas, Barnabas, and the Didache

Front 29

dittography

Back 29

a mistaken repetition of a letter, word, or phrase by a copyist

Front 30

divorce

Back 30

the process by which a marriage is anulled

Front 31

dynamic (functional) equivalent

Back 31

the quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original readers (Nida 1969); see NIV, NLT, AMP translations

Front 32

literal (formal) equivalent

Back 32

the quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the semantics and grammar of the original language are reproduce exactly as the original language; see ESV, NASB, NKJV, NRSV translations

Front 33

paraphrase (free) equivalent

Back 33

the quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the created text has little in common grammatically or otherwise with the original language, essentially recreating the text to match the culture and dialect of the receptor language; see TLB, MSG translations

Front 34

"eclectic" text

Back 34

the use of both internal and external readings in order to attempt to determine the original text of a manuscript

Front 35

endogamy

Back 35

the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe

Front 36

exogamy

Back 36

the custom of marrying only outside the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe

Front 37

Eucharist

Back 37

a ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed

Front 38

Eusebius

Back 38

a 3rd and 4th century Greek historian, exegete, and polemicist of Christianity

Front 39

Family Compounds

Back 39

a cluster of living spaces close together occupied by extended family

Front 40

Former Prophets

Back 40

Portion of the OT that includes Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings

Front 41

Latter Prophets

Back 41

Portion of the OT that includes Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve Minor Prophets

Front 42

fundamentalist

Back 42

a 20th century movement among theologians to reject much of the liberal and modern theology that resulted from the modernist movement

Front 43

Gnosticism

Back 43

a 2nd century heresy based upon the concept of two distinct realms--the spiritual, created by God, and the material, created by a lesser demiurge--wherein the latter realm would be completely disregarded as evil

Front 44

gospel

Back 44

literally "good news," it most often refers to the teachings and life of Jesus Christ

Front 45

Greco-Roman World

Back 45

the geographical region centered around Greece and the Mediterranean Sea; where much of the early church theology was developed

Front 46

Greek (language)

Back 46

the primary language of the NT

Front 47

Greek Orthodox Canon

Back 47

the canon consisting of the OT, NT, the Apocryphal Ten, as well as Prayer of Manasseh, Psalm 151, and 3 Maccabees

Front 48

Slavonic Canon

Back 48

the canon consisting of the OT, NT, the Apocryphal Ten, as well as the Greek Orthodox additions and 4 Maccabees

Front 49

Roman Catholic Canon

Back 49

the canon consisting of the OT, NT, and the Apocryphal Ten

Front 50

Protestant Canon

Back 50

the canon consisting of the OT and the NT

Front 51

haplography

Back 51

a mistaken omission of a repeated letter, word, or phrase

Front 52

Hebrew

Back 52

the primary language of the OT

Front 53

Hezekiah's Tunnel

Back 53

a water tunnel underneath the city of David in Jerusalem meant to prevent besieging forces from preventing water flow into the city

Front 54

honor

Back 54

high respect; esteem

Front 55

hospitality

Back 55

the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers

Front 56

inerrant

Back 56

the quality of Scripture that suggests that the text is incapable of being wrong

Front 57

infallible

Back 57

the quality of Scripture that suggests that the text is never failing, always effective

Front 58

inspired

Back 58

the quality of Scripture that suggests that the writers were led or influenced by God; essentially, the "word of God"

Front 59

Irenaeus of Lyons

Back 59

a 2nd century apologist that directly attacked the heresy of Gnostic thinking in the early church

Front 60

Islam

Back 60

a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah

Front 61

Jerome

Back 61

a 4th-5th century theologian and historian credited with translating the Bible into Latin (aka, the Vulgate)

Front 62

Johannes Gutenberg

Back 62

a 15th century German blacksmith who's invention of the printing press had massive implications in the spread of the Protestant Reformation across Europe

Front 63

John Wycliffe

Back 63

a 14th century English philosopher who not only attacked the privileged lifestyle of the clergy but also the clergy's belief that the Bible should not be mass produced in the common vernacular; henceforth he created Wycliffe's Bible, a translation in Middle English

Front 64

Latin

Back 64

the primary language of the Vulgate, the official Roman Catholic Bible

Front 65

Law (Torah)

Back 65

portion of the OT that includes the first five books, or the Pentateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy

Front 66

Leningrad Codex

Back 66

the oldest complete version of the Hebrew Bible, using the Masoretic Text and Tiberian vocalization

Front 67

Letter of Aristeas

Back 67

a Hellenistic work of the 2nd century BCE, assigned by Biblical scholars to the Pseudepigrapha

Front 68

LXX

Back 68

the abbreviated form of Septuagint

Front 69

Marcion, and his Canon

Back 69

a 2nd century early church leader who rejected the Hebrew God of the OT and only recognized Jesus as God (dualism). He compiled one of the earliest canons of only 11 books into two parts: the Evangelikon (portions of Luke that were altered to fit his views) and the Apostolikon (selection of ten Pauline epistles, also altered to fit his views)

Front 70

Martin Luther

Back 70

often called the "father of the Protestant Reformation," German 15th century theologian who rejected much of the Roman Catholic doctrine and practice; wrote "Ninety-five Theses" as direct response

Front 71

Masoretes

Back 71

Jewish scholars of the 6th-10th centuries CE who contributed to the establishment of a recognized text of the Hebrew Bible

Front 72

Masoretic Text

Back 72

the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Tanakh (Hebrew OT), written using vowels, punctuation, and breathing marks added by the Masoretes

Front 73

miniscules

Back 73

a small or lowercase letter, introduced to the Hebrew text by the Masoretes

Front 74

Mishnah

Back 74

oral tradition of the Jewish faith comprising the first portions of the Talmud

Front 75

mud brick

Back 75

a brick made from baked mud

Front 76

Muratorian Canon

Back 76

a copy of the oldest known list of the books of the NT, written in the 7th century but not found until the 18th century

Front 77

Nag Hammadi Library

Back 77

a collection of Gnostic texts discovered near the Upper Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945

Front 78

New Testament

Back 78

the latter portion of the Christian Bible, written originally in Greek, consisting of the Synoptic Gospels, the Pauline Epistles, the Johannine Tradition, and writings like James, Jude, and Revelation

Front 79

Old Testament

Back 79

the former portion of the Christian Bible, written originally in Hebrew, consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, the Writings, and in some cases, the Apocrypha

Front 80

Origen

Back 80

a 2nd century theologian who practiced asceticism, or abstinence from worldly pleasures with living a frugal lifestyle

Front 81

palimpsest

Back 81

a manuscript that has been effaced to make room for later writing but of which trace remain

Front 82

Papias

Back 82

a 1st century bishop who wrote the "Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord," a now-lost early source on Christian oral tradition

Front 83

papyri

Back 83

a material invented in ancient Egypt from the stems and reeds of water plants; the NT was written on such material

Front 84

parchment

Back 84

a material made from the prepared skin of an animals; the OT was written on such material

Front 85

patronage

Back 85

support given to a business by buying its goods and services

Front 86

peasants

Back 86

poor farmers who often have low social status

Front 87

permutation

Back 87

one of several possible variations in which a set or number of things can be ordered or arranged

Front 88

Protestant Reformation

Back 88

the 16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era

Front 89

Protevangelium of James

Back 89

also called the Infancy Gospel, a 2nd century apocryphal gospel that introduces childhood narratives of Mary and Jesus

Front 90

Pseudepigrapha

Back 90

spurious writings ascribed to various biblical patriarchs composed within approx. 200 years of the birth of Jesus

Front 91

Qumran

Back 91

the location of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Front 92

Quran

Back 92

the official religious texts of the Islamic faith

Front 93

reformed

Back 93

a theological approach based in the Protestant Reformation that emphasizes the perversions of the Roman Catholic Church; also serves as a major branch of modern Protestantism

Front 94

reliability

Back 94

the quality of Scripture that suggests the original and modern texts do not consist of many contradictions, omissions, additions, or anything that may stir one to question the trustworthiness of the Bible

Front 95

Revelation

Back 95

the final book of the NT that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology, or study of the final things (end times)

Front 96

Scripture

Back 96

the sacred writings of Christianity contained in the Bible

Front 97

scroll

Back 97

a roll of parchment

Front 98

Septuagint

Back 98

the Greek translation of the Hebrew OT, used primarily by the early church

Front 99

shame

Back 99

a feeling of humiliation or distress caused by embarrassing or dysfunctional behavior

Front 100

Sola Scriptura

Back 100

Latin phrase for "only Scripture" or "Scripture alone;" it was the position for the Protestant Reformation in regards to what was most important to the faith

Front 101

stability

Back 101

the state of being firm or unwavering

Front 102

Talmud

Back 102

the body of Jewish civil and ceremonial law and legend consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara

Front 103

Tanakh

Back 103

the acronym of the first Hebrew letter of each of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings)

Front 104

targums

Back 104

ancient Aramaic paraphrases or interpretations of the Hebrew Bible, especially when Hebrew was a declining language

Front 105

Tertullian

Back 105

a 2nd-3rd century theologian who battled against heresy in the church; often called the "founder of Western theology"

Front 106

text criticism

Back 106

branch of scholarship concerned with the identification of textual variants in manuscripts

Front 107

uncials

Back 107

a form of entirely capitalized letters used during the 4th-8th centuries CE by Latin and Greek scribes

Front 108

urban elite

Back 108

the upper class of a society

Front 109

Vulgate

Back 109

the 5th century Latin translation of the Bible, written by Jerome and adopted as the official manuscript of the Roman Catholic Church

Front 110

Wesleyan

Back 110

a movement of Protestant Christians who seek to follow the "methods" (leading to the name Methodist) and teachings of the 18th-century theologian John Wesley and his brother Charles

Front 111

William Tyndale

Back 111

a 16th century English scholar who is credited with the first English translation of the Bible

Front 112

Writings

Back 112

portion of the OT that includes Psalms, Proverbs, Job, the Megillot, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, and Chronicles

Front 113

Wesleyan Quadrilateral

Back 113

a piece of Wesleyan theology that, in short, explains how we can know God: Scripture, Tradition, Experience, and Reason