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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Robert Hooke |
One of the first people to identify and see cork cells |
Last name rhymes with book |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
Observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water |
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Matthias Schleiden |
Concluded that all plants are made of cells |
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Theodor Schwann |
Concluded that all animals are made of cells |
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Rudolph Virchow |
Proposed that all cells come from existing cells, completing cell theory. |
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The 3 Principles of the Cell Theory |
1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. |
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What is a prokaryote? |
Prokaryotes are cells that do not contain nuclei. Example: bacteria. |
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What is a Eukaryote? |
Eukaryotes are cells that contain nuclei. Example: plants. |
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What are the functions of the nucleus? |
The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA. |
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Which cell organelles makes proteins using coded instructions from the nucleus? |
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. |
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Which organelles converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use? |
Mitochondria |
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What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
The cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
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What is the definition of a cell? |
Basic units of all forms of life |
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What is the definition of a tissue? |
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function. |
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What is the definition of an organ? |
A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. |
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What is the definition of an organ system? |
A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. |
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What is the definition of an organ system? |
A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. |
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What are the levels of organization in multicellular organisms from simplest to most complex? |
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system. |
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What is an autotroph? |
An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food. Example: plants. |
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What is a heterotroph? |
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot use the sun's energy directly, and obtain energy from the foods they consume. Example: cats. |
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What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? |
1. Adenine 2. Ribose 3. 3 phosphate groups |
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How is energy released from ATP? |
Energy is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. |
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What did Jan van Helmont conclude about photosynthesis? |
Van Helmont concluded that trees gain most of their mass from water. |
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What did Joseph Priestly conclude about photosynthesis? |
Priestly found that a plant releases oxygen. |
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What did Jan Ingenhousz conclude about photosynthesis? |
Ingenhousz concluded that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen. |
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Photosynthesis uses light to covert what (1) into what (2)? |
1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and water 2. Carbohydrates and Oxygen |
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What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? What are the reactants and products? |
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H1206 + 6O2 The reactants are carbon dioxide and water. The products are sugars and oxygen. |
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What do most plants gather the sun's energy with? |
Pigments |
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Why do most plants appear green? |
Chlorophyll, the principal pigment, reflects green light, making the plants look green. |
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Sketch a chloroplast. Label the thylakoid membrane, Grammy, and stroma. |
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Where in the chloroplast do you find chlorophyll? |
Thykaloids |
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Where do light-dependent reactions take place? |
Within the thylakoid membranes. |
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What are the products of light-dependent reactions? |
Oxygen, ATP, NADPH |
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The Calvin Cycle is also called what? |
Light-independent reactions. |
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Where does the Calvin cycle take place? |
In the Stroma |
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What things affect the rate of photosynthesis? |
Temperature, availability of water, intensity of light. |
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What are the stages of cellular respiration in the order that they occur? |
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain |
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How many ATP are released from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration? |
2 |
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What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Cellular respiration generates energy by doing what? |
By breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. |
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What are the reactants and products in the equation for cellular respiration? |
The reactant are oxygen and glucose. The products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy. |
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List where Glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC take place. |
1. Cytoplasm 2. Mitochondria 3. Mitochondria |
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How many net ATP does glycolysis produce? |
2 |
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What is the starting molecule for glycolysis? |
Glucose |
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What is the starting molecule for Krebs? |
Pyruvic acid. |
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Where does lactic acid fermentation take place? |
In muscle cells |
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What type of fermentation gives bread its spongy texture? |
Alcoholic fermentation |
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How does fermentation keep glycolysis going in the absence of oxygen? |
The process regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. |
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Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process? |
Because it requires oxygen. |
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Where does ETC occur in eukaryotes? |
It takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. |
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The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make what? |
It's used to convert ADP into ATP. |
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How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes? |
1. Photosynthesis deposits energy, Cellular Respiration withdraws it. 2. The equations are the reverse of each other. 3. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, while Cellular Respiration puts it back. |
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What did Gregor Mendel use to study genetics? |
Pea plants |
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What is a hybrid? |
The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits. |
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What do we call the chemical factors that determine traits? |
Genes |
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What does the principle of dominance state? |
Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
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When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short ones, why were all of the offspring tall? |
Each plant produced 2 types of gametes those with the allele for tallness and those with the allele for shortness. Because the allele for tallness is dominant, all the offspring were tall. |
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Define homozygous. |
Organisms with 2 identical alleles for a particular trait. |
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Define heterozygous. |
Having 2 different alleles for the same trait. |
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Define allele. |
Different forms of a gene |
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Define genotype |
Genetic makeup of an organism |
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Define phenotype. |
Physical characteristics of an organism |
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What do Punnett squares tell us? |
They tell gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |
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What is incomplete dominance? |
In which one allele is not completely dominant over another. Example: pink flowers |
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What is codominance? |
In which both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Example: speckled chickens. |
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The variation if skin colors in humans is an example of what? |
Polygenic traits |
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What shape do coccus bacteria have? |
Round |
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What anchors a plant into the ground? |
Roots |
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What are the 4 basic tissues in the body? |
Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle. |
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How many organ systems make up the human body? |
11 |
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