Covalent Bonding

Front 1

2 0 2

Back 1

Linear/ Linear/ 180/ sp/ Ex: CO2

Front 2

2 0 2

Back 2

Linear/ Linear/ 180/ sp/ Ex: BeCl2

Front 3

1 1 2

Back 3

Linear/ Paired/ N/A / sp/ Ex: CO, N2

Front 4

3 0 3

Back 4

Trigonal Planar/ Trigonal Planar/ 120/ sp2/ Ex: AlCl3, SO3

Front 5

2 1 3

Back 5

Trigonal Planar/ Bent/ <120/sp2/ Ex: SO2, O3

Front 6

1 2 3

Back 6

Trigonal Planar/ Paired/ N/A / sp2/ Ex: O2

Front 7

4 0 4

Back 7

Tetrahedral/ Tetrahedral/ 109.5/ sp3/ Ex: CH4

Front 8

3 1 4

Back 8

Tetrahedral/ Pyramidal/ <109.5/ sp3/ Ex: NH3

Front 9

2 2 4

Back 9

Tetrahedral/ Bent/ <109.5/ sp3/ Ex: H2O

Front 10

1 3 4

Back 10

Tetrahedral/ Paired/ N/A / sp3/ Ex: HCl

Front 11

5 0 5

Back 11

Trigonal Bipyramidal/ Trigonal Bipyramidal/ 90 or 120/ sp3d/ Ex: PCl5

Front 12

6 0 6

Back 12

Octahedral/ Octahedral/ 90/ sp3d2/ Ex: SF6

Front 13

Lewis Structures

Back 13

Representation of bonding (valence)electrons. Noble Gas configuration = GOAL!!! (Octet Rule)

Front 14

Rules for Lewis Structures

Back 14

Hydrogen Follows Octet Rule. He is stable. Octet Rule- representative elements (end in s/p sublevels). Psuedo Noble Gas Configuration (end in d/f sublevels).

Front 15

Step 1 for Drawing Lewis Structure

Back 15

1. Add all valence electrons of all atoms.

Front 16

Step 2 for Drawing Lewis Structure

Back 16

2. Use one pair of electrons to form stable bonds between atoms.

Front 17

Step 3 for Drawing Lewis Structure

Back 17

3. Arrange the electrons in pairs around atoms to follow the Octet Rule(NBP of electrons).

Front 18

Step 4 for Drawing Lewis Structure

Back 18

4. Count electrons to follow the Octet Rule.

Front 19

Step 5 for Drawing Lewis Structure (Not always used)

Back 19

5. Use Two pairs of electrons to form bonds between atoms.

Front 20

Step 6 for Drawing Lewis Structure (Not always used)

Back 20

6. Use three pairs of electrons to form bonds between atoms.

Front 21

Molecular Structures' Properties

Back 21

1. Geometric Structure

Front 22

Molecular Structures' Properties

Back 22

2. Three-Dimensional Arrangement of Atoms

Front 23

Molecular Structures' Properties

Back 23

3. Dependent on the Central Atom(s)

Front 24

Molecular Structures' Properties

Back 24

4. Basic Structures: Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral. All Symmetrical (automatically non-polar b/c symmetrical).

Front 25

Molecular Structures' Properties

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5. Other Structures: Bent, Pyramidal, Paired* (Asymmetrical. B/c asymmetrical, they have polar bonds and therefore are polar molecules).

Front 26

VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory

Back 26

Minimizes the repulsion of electron pairs and results in an *approximate* molecular structure.

Front 27

Step 1 to VSEPR Theory

Back 27

1. Draw Lewis Structure

Front 28

Step 2 to VSEPR Theory

Back 28

2. Count Electron pairs and arrange them to minimalize repulsion

Front 29

Step 3 to VSEPR Theory

Back 29

3. Determine the position of atoms from how they are paired

Front 30

Step 4 to VSEPR Theory

Back 30

4. Determine the name of the molecular structure from how the atoms are arranged

Front 31

Rule 1 of the VSEPR Theory

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1. Two pairs of electrons on central atom are always 180 degrees apart (Linear)

Front 32

Rule 2 of the VSEPR Theory

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2. Three pairs of electrons are always 120 degrees apart (Trigonal Planar)

Front 33

Rule 3 of the VSEPR Theory

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3. Four Pairs of electrons are always 109.5 degrees apart (Tetrahedral)

Front 34

Rule 4 of the VSEPR Theory

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4. When all pairs of electrons on the central atom are shared with another atom, the molecular structure is the same as the arrangement of electrons. (Zero NBP)

Front 35

Rule 5 of the VSEPR Theory

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5. When one or more electron pairs on a central atom are unshared (NBP), then the name for the molecular structure is different from the central atom.

Front 36

methane

Back 36

CH4

Front 37

carbon tetrachloride

Back 37

CCl4

Front 38

water

Back 38

H2O

Front 39

ammonia

Back 39

NH3

Front 40

hydrogen sulfide

Back 40

H2S

Front 41

phosphane

Back 41

PH3

Front 42

hydrogen peroxide

Back 42

H2O2

Front 43

chlorine

Back 43

Cl2

Front 44

hydrogen chloride

Back 44

HCl

Front 45

oxygen

Back 45

O2

Front 46

nitrogen

Back 46

N2

Front 47

carbon dioxide

Back 47

CO2

Front 48

carbon monoxide

Back 48

CO

Front 49

hydrogen

Back 49

H2

Front 50

fluorine

Back 50

F2

Front 51

bromine

Back 51

B2

Front 52

iodine

Back 52

I2

Front 53

ethane

Back 53

C2H6

Front 54

ethene

Back 54

C2H4

Front 55

ethyne

Back 55

C2H2

Front 56

ozone

Back 56

O3

Front 57

phosphorus pentachloride

Back 57

PCl5

Front 58

sulfur hexafluoride

Back 58

SF6

Front 59

sulfur dioxide

Back 59

SO2

Front 60

sulfur trioxide

Back 60

SO3