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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Linear causality |
a causes b
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cybernetics
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pioneered by Norbert Wiener, the family has feedback loops to sel
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homeostasis
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maintaining a balanced stated
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enmeshment
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when families are overinvolved with one another and lose their autonomy
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nonsummativity
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any system is greater than the sum of its parts, makes it necessary to examine patterns rather than just individual behavior
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adaptability
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the ability of the family to balance stability and change, morphostasis
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morphostasis
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the ability of the family to balance stabilty
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morphogenesis
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the ability of the family to balance change
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mandatory ethics/standards of practice
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clear cut, no grey areas
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aspirational ethics
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ideal or optimal practice, example helping someone with counseling p
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experiential conjoint family therapy
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is associated with Virginia Satir, felt that a family could be healed via love, felt the major goal was to improve intrafamily communication.
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Salvador Minuchin
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Father of Structual Family therapy, believed that it took therapeutic interventions well beyond warmth and love for healing families
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Satir believed these 4 defensive postures prevented good comm
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placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, a
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blaming/blamer
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will sacrifice others to feel good about himself, will say, "if it weren't for you...", will point the finger at other to avoid dealing with his or her own issues, "it's your fault that I am the way I am"
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overly reasonable/responsible analyzer
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is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization
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irrelevant style
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will distract the family from the problem via
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Carl Whittaker
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dean of experiential family symbolic therapy, joined the family and experienced it as though he was a family member, said co-therapists are helpful to provide meaningful feedback
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David Premack
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you must complete an unpleasant task before being allowed to engage in a pleasant task (finishing homework before going out with friends)
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quid pro quo
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swapping one thing for another (if you cut the grass, your dad will take you to play golf), uses a behavior contingency contract, could be in a positive or negative context
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time-out
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when a family member (usually a child) is isolated or removed from an environment for a specified amount of time to endure they do not receive reinforcement for dysfunctional behavior
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reciprocity in marriage
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asserts that in most cases two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time if not marital discord may occur
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systematic desensitization (behaviorist)
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pairs feared mental imagery with relaxation to eliminate fear a
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Gerald Patterson, Robert Lieberman, and Richard Stuart
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pioneers in behavior family therapy
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thought stopping
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literally saying to yourself STOP when thinking things that you shouldn't
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family sculpting
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popularized by Virginia Satir, experiential/expressive technique NOT behaviorist, , a family member places other family members in positions that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family
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Remarriage
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is common, about 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced
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psychodynamic family counseling
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pioneered by Nathan Ackerman, analytically trained child psychiatrist, recommended studying the whole family not just a child who was brought in for treatment, concerned with internal feelings and thoughts AS WELL AS family dynamics
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object
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in psychoanalytic family therapy, this is a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond
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introjects
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in psychoanalytic therapy this means that the client internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of objects within themselves, eventually these introjects determine how the client relates to others
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splitting
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occurs when the client sees an object or person as either all good or all bad
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first order change
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changes that are superficial
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second order change
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changes that involve actual change in the family structure that alters an undesirable behavior pattern
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Peggy Papp's greek chorus
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refers to a consultant or supervisory team that observes a session from behind a one way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or family , treatment team approach is popular with strategic therapists
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dysthymia
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low level depression that occurs more days than not for at least one year in kids and teens and for at least two years in adults.
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Carl Rogers
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Person Centered Therapy
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Albert Ellis
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Arnold Lazarus
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multimodal therapy based on his BASIC ID structure
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Joseph Wolpe
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Systematic Desensitization (Behavior therapy)
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William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding
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reality therapy
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James Framo
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Psychoanalytic, believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel love-hate feelings in kids
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Robin Skynner
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British psychoanalyst who feels that kids who had poor roles models possess protective systems
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protective systems
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unrealistic expectations of people in current relationships carried over from childhood
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Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley
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are associated with the strategic family of counseling , designating a strategy for each specific problem
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Jay Haley
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coined the term strategic therapy, had a background in arts and communication, believes in giving clients directives.
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directive/prescription
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when the therapist tells the client what to do
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double bind concept (Haley)
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a no win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want
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paradox
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the direct antithesis of common sense
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prescribing the symptom
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a paradoxical strategy ex husband and wife come bc they are fighting at least once a night, therapist says go home and fight twice a night
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reframing
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occurs when you redefine a situation in a positive context
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In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family...
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has the authority to make the rules and enforce them
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psychoanalytic practitioners
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do not attack symptoms directly
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strategic therapists
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are pragmatic, focus on abating symptoms, solution/symptom focused, action oriented (Haley)
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incongruous hiearchy
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malfunction hierarchy (daughter controls mother rather than mother controlling child)
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pretending technique
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ex. a child who had panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him
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restraining
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a therapist may warn the family or individual about the negative consequences of change, helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might best if the family doesn't change
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positioning
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occurs when a helper accepts the clients predicament and then exaggerates the condition
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cultural encapsulation (Gilbert Wren)
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results in the counselor imposing goals from his or her own culture on people from another culture.
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When working with African Americans...
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Bowen's therapy, Minuchin's structural , or Haley's strategic
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When counseling Asian Americans
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solution focused / problem focused modalities...
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Murray Bowen
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known for his work in intergenerational family therapy,
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triangulation (Bowen)
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when a dyad (2 individuals) is under stress and a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad, could include a child placed in the middle of a conflict
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differentiation (Bowen)
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the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self
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three generational pictorial diagram (Bowen)
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a genogram
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miracle question
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brief therapy technique that asks if you went to bed and woke up and a miracle had happened, how would things be different
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joining
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occurs during the initial session to boost the family's confidence in the treatment process and reduce resistance.
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enactment
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a strategy that allows the counselor to see an instant reply of what genuinely transpires in the family
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boundaries (structural therapist)
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the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from other in the family
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changing boundaries
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may include changing the family's seating/distance from one another
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Minuchin's structural approach , clear boundaries
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are ideal, firm yet flexible, considered healthy, clear boundaries mean that people in the family are supported and nurtured with everyone having the freedom to be his or her own person
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rigid boundaries
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are characterized by individuals or subsystems being disengaged (husband says you are on your own)
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mimesis
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implies that the therapist copies the family's style and joins the family (STRUCTURAL)
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Ackerman
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psychodynamic
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Haley
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Strategic
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Minuchin
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Structural
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Bowen
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Intergenerational
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Boszormenyi-Nagi
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intergenerational, give and take fairness or relational ethics in a family
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family legacy
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Boszormenyi-Nagy introduced this term which refers to expectations handed down from generation to generation
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family ledger technique
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Boszormenyi-Nagy technique of a multigenerational balance sheet or accounting sytem
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Palazzoli
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associated with Milan systemic family therapy
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perverse triangle
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when two members of the family at different levels of the family hierarchy team up against another family member (mom and son against dad)
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Alfred Adler
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early pioneer in the history of family therapy, 30 child guidance clinics in Vienna, open forum therapy
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Solution Oriented therapy (OHanlon, Berg, Shazer, Weiner Davis)
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focused primarily on the future, plan of action
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Narrative Therapy (NT) highlights stories in counseling
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Michael White, Cheryl White, David Epston
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Constructivism/Social Constructivism
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asserts that a client constructs or invents the way he or she perceives the world...a helper does not treat a client rather they have a conversation and work together in a collaborative effort
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Tom Anderson (Postmodernist)
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used a radical approach based primarily on a one way mirror and reflecting treatment team
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Postmodernism
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assumes that there are no fixed truths in our world, only people's individual perceptions of what constitutes reality or the truth
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Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapy because...
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it is androcentric (uses male views), gendercentric (assume are 2 separate psychological developments, emphasis on heterosexism, debase same sex relationships
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skeleton keys
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a standard stock intervention that will work for numerous problems (de Shazer BSFT Brief Solution Focused Therapy)
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compliment
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a de Shazer technique were the therapist hands the client a sheet of paper with a compliment on it
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past successes
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therapist may compliment these without specifically relating them to the current situation
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ecosystems
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refers to the fact that larger systems often impact the client and family functioning
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O
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observation, measurement or score: the DEPENDENT VARIABLE in the experiment
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X
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treatment
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E
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Experimental Group
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C
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Control Group
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R
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Random Sampling
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NR
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No random sampling of groups
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Group: E
Subject Assignment: NR Prettest:O Treatment: X Posttest: O |
Way to diagram an experiment
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a timed-series design is a quasi-experimental design
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that relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs
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Solomon 4 Group
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one control group receives a pre test and one experimental group receives a pretest, the others do not
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newest career theory
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constructivist and cognitive approaches
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TWA
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Theory of Work Adjustment, Renee Dawes and Lloyd Lofquist, states that a person must fit a job and the work must meet the needs of the person (relationship works both ways)
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coefficient of determination
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is computed by squaring the correlation coefficient
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Krumboltz
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proposes a social learning model of career development (Bandura), learning not interests guide people into a certain occupation,
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worldview generalizations
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generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful a client would be at that occupation
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SCCT
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Social Cognitive Career Theory asserts that self-efficacy beliefs can influence one's career decisions
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interactive activities in career counseling
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job shadowing and volunteering
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noninteractive activities in career counseling
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reading job hunting books
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linear
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non interactive approaches to career decisions
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nonlinear
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interactive approaches to career decision
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Bronfenbrenner
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one of the codevelopers of the National Headstart program , theory of human ecology , NOT a stage theory.
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ecological systems theory
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Bronfenbrenner stressed that microsystems, mesosystems, macro systems, ecosystems
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Nancy Chodorow
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sociologist, psychoanalytic feminist, felt that the domestic ideal caused oppression for women
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James Fowler
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is associated with faith development
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VRT
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Virtual Reality Therapy, through a computer, the CT has generally the same physiological reactions to an actual situation
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Diagnostic criteria for mental retardation
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IQ of 70 or below, onset prior to age 18, Axis II of the DSM
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central tendency
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use the mean (average)
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EQ
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Emotional Intelligence, empathy, impulse control, motivation, and the ability to love, Goleman says it matters more than IQ
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paycheck once a week
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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
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slot machine payout
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variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
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Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are...
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commonly used to treat phobias, or OCD
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meta-analysis/metaresearch
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occurs when several studies on the same topic are utilized in order to examine the hypothesis
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Barnum Effect
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clients will often accept a general testing report, horoscope, etc and believe that it applies specifically to them
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the term dual relationships
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is no longer in the ACA code of ethics
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code of ethics exists even after
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death
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ACA 2005 states that you can not have a romantic relationship with a client
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for 2 to 5 years
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clinical depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder are
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mood disorders
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anxiety disorders
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panic attacks, social phobias, ocd, ptsd, generalized anxiety disorder
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physical conditions with physical or physiological cause are called
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somatoform disorders, example headache with not medical reason, primarily in females, 6 months and prior to age 30
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situationally bound or cued panic attacks
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have a cue or environmental trigger
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uncued or unexpected panic attack
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seemingly occurs out of no where
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multiple personality disorder is now
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dissociative identity disorder
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RS
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religious and spiritual
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Bulimia
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an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women, binge eating, purging or fasting or excessive exercise afterwards, 2 episodes a week for at least 3 months
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hermaphrodite
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intersex person, born with both male and female genitalia
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parametric inferential statistic
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will use random sampling and the distribution normal
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progress note
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mandated by law, clinical notes, informed consent, DSM diagnosis, symptoms, the types of counseling interventions used, the goals of counseling, session dates, and the termination date
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process notes or
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psychotherapy notes not shared with client, intended only for the counselor who created them, not required by law
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ACA transfer plan in writing requires
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counselor has become disabled, dies, or moved to another state
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NPI
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National Provider Identifier for filing insurance claims once licensed
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