Coun Comp Exam (Human Development)

Front 1

Nature vs Nurture

Back 1

Nature - Genetic

Nurture - Environment

Front 2

Genotype vs Phenotype

Back 2

Genotype - Genetic (inherited) makeup

Phenotype - Physical & behavioral characteristics

Front 3

Tabula rasa

Back 3

"blank slate"

John Locke

Front 4

Plasticity

Back 4

Lifespan development is plastic easy and smooth transition

Front 5

Resiliency

Back 5

ability to adapt and develop effectively despite adverse circumstances.

Front 6

Abraham Maslow

Back 6

Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological Needs - food, water
Security Needs - Safety
Belonging - Social
Esteem - self, status
Self-Actualization

Front 7

Maturationist

Back 7

Behavior is age related
Mind is seen as growing like a tree

Organismic- Changes are qualitative

Front 8

Arnold Gesell

Back 8

GENETICALLY PRE-ORDAINED

Maturationist believing a child's growth and development was genetically pre-ordained

Front 9

Robert Havighurst

Back 9

STAGES OF GROWTH

Front 10

Behaviorism
(Human Development)

Back 10

John Watson & B. F. Skinner

Environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs resulting in development.

Front 11

Reward

Back 11

Positive reinforcing stimulant

increasing a behavior

Front 12

Punishment

Back 12

Behavior results in termination of a positive reinforcing stimulant or the beginning of a negative stimulant

Front 13

Law of Effect

Back 13

Edward Thorndike

The strengthening of the connection between stimulus response and reward

Front 14

Classical Conditioning

Back 14

food - salivation; bell - salivation

Front 15

Operant Conditioning

Back 15

Reward vs Punishment

Front 16

Reinforcement

Back 16

Countinous or Variable

Behaviors established through variable or intermittent are tougher to extinguish.

Front 17

Fixed Ratio

Back 17

Reinforce after a fixed number of responses

Front 18

Variable Ratio

Back 18

Reinforce, on the average, after every n'th response

Front 19

Fixed Interval

Back 19

Reinforced after a fixed period of time

Front 20

Variable Interval

Back 20

Reinforce, on the average, after every n'th minute (Time)

Front 21

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 21

After a rest period, the conditioned response reappears when the conditioned stimulus is again presented.

Front 22

Stimulus Generalization

Back 22

Once a response has been conditioned, stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus are also likely to elicit the conditioned response

Front 23

Sigman Freud

Back 23

Psychoanalytic/ Psycho-sexual

5 Stages of Development

Oral (birth - 18m)
Anal (2 - 3yr)
Phallic (3 - 5yr)
Latency (6 - 12yr)
Genital - (12 - 19yr)

Front 24

Oral Stage

Back 24

Freud Stages of Development
(Birth - 18m)

Sucking; Sensory-motor

Deprevation of oral stage = Fixation

Front 25

Anal Stage

Back 25

Freud Stages of Development
(2 - 3yr)

Toilot Traning

Anal retentive - frugal, compulsive, orderly

Anal Impulsive - the opposite

Front 26

Phallic Stage

Back 26

Freud Stages of Development
(3 - 5yr)

Interested in genitalia

Oedipus- Son attracted to mother
Electra - Daughter attracted to father

Front 27

Latency Stage

Back 27

Freud Stages of Development
(6 - 12yr)

Sexual urges are repressed
Stage is classified as social

Front 28

Erik Erikson
(Human Development)

Back 28

8 Stages of Development
Psychosocial
Resulting ego virtue

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Integrity vs Despair
Identity vs Role Confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Industry vs Inferiority

Front 29

Trust vs Mistrust

Back 29

1st stage Erikson
(Birth - 1 half years)

Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment

Front 30

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Back 30

2nd stage Erikson
( 1 half - 3 years)

Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem

Front 31

Initiative vs Guilt

Back 31

3rd stage Erikson
( 3 - 6 years)

Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity

Front 32

Industry vs Inferiority

Back 32

4th stage Erikson
( 6 - 11 years)

Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills

Front 33

Identity vs Role Confusion

Back 33

5th stage Erikson
(Adolescent years)

Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure

Front 34

Intimacy vs Isolation

Back 34

6th stage Erikson
(Young Adult years)

Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner

Front 35

Generativity vs Stagnation

Back 35

7th stage Erikson
(Middle-Age Adult)

Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and
civic interests

Front 36

Integrity vs Despair

Back 36

8th stage Erikson
(Older Adult)

Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death

Front 37

Jean Piaget
(Human Development)

Back 37

Cognitive Development

We inherit 2 tendencies:
organization and adaptation

4 Stages of development

Front 38

Organization and Adaptation

Back 38

John Piaget

Organization - How we systematize and organize mental process and knowledge

adaptation- 2 Types of adjustment to the environment: Assimilation and Accommodation

Front 39

Assimilation and Accommodation

Back 39

John Piaget

Assimilation- modifying the relevant environmental events so they can be incorporated into individual's existing structure

Accommodation- modifying the organization of the individual in response to environmental events.

Front 40

John Piaget 4 Stages of Development

Back 40

Sensorimotor- (Birth - 2)
Preoperational- (2 - 7yrs)
Concrete Operational- (7 - 11yrs)
Formal Operation- (11 -5yrs)