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277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CO's have two categories of tasks
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1) legal authority (uphold policies, rules, regulations)
2) moral authority (functional relationship with inmates) |
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CO's have 4 major tasks
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1) security
2) providing service 3) assisting inmates (asjustment) 4) assisting them exiting |
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Federal COs go through a
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correctional training program: general aptitude test and medical/phsyical standards
*special training for working with women |
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what about provincial CO's?
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each province has own rules- no national standard
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most important skills for COs to have (3)
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communication, compassion, conflict management
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4 challenges for new COs
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learning to use discrection, regular testing (inmates see what they can get away with) and fitting in with other Cos, and the absence of accurate prison knowledge
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6 normative codes of CO behaviour
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1) always assist another officer
2) do not become overly friendly 3) do not abuse your authority 4) dont backstab 5)do your job 6) listen to veteran officers |
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COs can be located on a ___ based on how they exercise their discretionary authority
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continuum
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5 more satisfied with their job
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females, experienced, empathetic/non punitive, more educated, older
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why do older like it better
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mellowed out
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common view of the public (the custodial agenda) of Cos
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constructed around the image of the officer as a mindless and brutal custodian
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private view is called
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correctional agenda (as opposed to custodial agenda) *entails developing accomodating relationships
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what is NOT an effective approach to maintain order
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"keeper and the kept"
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3 reasons why its hard to track authority abuse
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invisibility, correctional subculture, and short time durations
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sources of CO stress (3)
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1) relationships between admin and COS
2) relationshios between case management and COs 3)personal security, lack of support, inmate rights, too many tasks, shift work, etc. |
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__% rise in the use of force over 5 years
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37
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violent crime is down, as is length of setnence.. so whats the relationship?
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between overcrowding and rate of violence
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double bunking has moved in ontario from 9% to
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17%
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today's jail capacity
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15,100 - we've hit the capacity
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1998 reccommendations on cross gender staffing say that
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men should not be able to work in women's insitutions-
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offenders tend to be
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male, young, single parents, minimally skilled, aboriginal, black, convicted of prperty offences, addicted, poor problem solvers, and serving less than 2 years
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mortification
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process of degredation when moving from citizen to inmate
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inmates experience the___
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pains if imprisonment
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what is most devestating experience for these inmates?
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loss of liberty (no control/highly regimented)
*found by skykes: also found access to goods/services, access to hetero relationships, and loss of personal autonomy/security to be big ones |
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inmate code
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do your own time
dont rat mind your own business avoid debt dont trust anyone show respect dont be a goof (anyone who disrupts) |
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three things to give you status in prison
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1) life sentences
2) intelligent 3) status b/f prison means status in prison |
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co1 focus
co2 focus |
security
case management/rehab |
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three factors influencing attitudes of Cos towards inmates
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insitutional setting: those in min. more favorable attitudes
age/experienced: older- more favourable region of the country: pacific more empathetic and less punitive * no significant differences between males and females |
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there may be an inverse relationship between
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level of education and job satisfaction
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cos can carry __ since ___
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handcuffs, 2004
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union of canadian correctional officers identified following 3 areas as concerning
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1) prison discipline: too light, undermines authority
2) security equipment: want pepper spray too 3) attacks of bodily fluids: not currently considered attacks |
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leading cause of stress among Cos
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concerns about personal saferty (safety issues are declining as a threat)
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Cos exprienced an average of __ incidents over career, with __% having been injured at work
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28, 60%
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critical incident stress debriefing
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on scene debriefing by an intervenor to diffuse mental health issues (most officers have effective coping strategies)
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why are female officers having a positive imact on max prisons:
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less likely to be assaulted
less confrontational better able to diffuse *50% been subjected to harassment/abuse |
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women are __% in federal, and __% in provincial
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4% and 10%
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__% of inmates have children
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60 (70% of females)
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aboriginals are ___ of federal, ___ of provincial, but only ___ of population
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18%, 75-80%, 3%
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black proportions in ontario male and female
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11% of males and 9% of females
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aboriginals more likely to be convicted for a ___ offence
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violent
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more than ___ of all custodial sentences are for less than 1 month
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half (55%)
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highest rates of prison suicide
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eldery... and lifers
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long term offenders
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serving life terms, indeterminate sentences, or sentences of 10 + years
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__% of inmates have mental health issues at time of admission
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10
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mortification often involves ___ ceremonies which include issuing of clothing, and cutting off communication with outside
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degredation
*but no status reformation after they leave |
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deprivation theory
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sykes. inmate subculture develops as a result of inmate's attempts to mitigate the pains of prison
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several years later, Irwin and Cressey proposed an alternative explanation called importation theory
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rather than being a response to the pains of prison, the attitudes of the inmate social system were imported by offenders who had criminal careers on the outside
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pisonization
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clemmer. describes the process by which inmates become socialized to the norms, values, and culture of the prison. not a uniform process (some may have more difficulty than other)
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insitutionalized
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inmates have become prisoned to such a degree that they are unable to function outside in the free community
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inmate code- sykes-
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set of behavioural rules that govern interactions among the inmates and with staff
* code has changed lots over the years |
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how many victims of prison rape each year in the USA
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300,000 (not reported in Canada) this is 1 in 4.. social problem. Conjugal visits dont reduce it because its about power
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ideal prison code
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dont interfere with inmates
dont lose your head dont exploit inmates dont weaken dont be a sucker |
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informal code (cooley) - lead to unstable environmetns
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do your own time
avoid the prison economy dont trust anyone show respect |
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square john
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prosocial attitudes/behaviours...not involved in inmate social system.. positive attitude towards staff
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right guy/antisocial
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heavily invlved in inmate social system and opposes staff and admin
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rat
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provids info on inamtes, illegal activites, and reports to Co's- despised, at injury risk, needs safety
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tough (outlaw)
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violent, aggressive, unpredictable.. willing to use violence to get goods/feared by inmates/disruptive
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wolf
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seek inmates for sex
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fag
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asumes passive sex role
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punk
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coerced or bribed into passive sex roles
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merchant (peddler)
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involved in importing/distributing contraband.. prospers at expense of other inmates
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therefore, inmate code is not a
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defining feature. proof there is no unified front against the COS and there never was
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are drugs available?
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yes just as freely as on the streets
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drugs come through following 3
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1) family members (especially children) and friends during visits
2) inmate work crews deployed inside 3) drop-offs on property by friends/family |
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MOST common
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rectal/vaginal insertions
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2 most common sex activities
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masturbation/consensual sex
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males guilty of more serious offenses, and women develop ___
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pseudo families to cope- token mom, and sisters
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female aggression is __
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relational (role eyes, etc. mean girls)
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expressive violence
instrumental violence |
outbursts, unplanned
used as means to end |
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passive precautions
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used by older. avoid places in jail, avoid cerain people, etc
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aggressive precautions
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yonger, newer.
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mature coping (3)
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a positive approach to life inside
1) dealing with problems in straightforward rather than denial/manipulation 2) avoiding deception/violence 3) making an effort to care-altruism |
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life line in reach
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helps lifers manage time, and prepare for review
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despite pains for lifers, there is no evidence that
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long term committment leads to mental/phsysical deterioration
*duration of time is unrelated doesnt produce negatives but doesnt produce positives either |
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private family visits
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up to 72 hours in a trailor or small house on the groudns
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as little as __ % of the inmate population is responsible for __% of complaints
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5,70
*most common complaints: health care, staff conduct |
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prison suicide rate more than __ general population
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twice
*suicide leading cause of death followed by homicides and accidents |
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three most common methods
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hanging, overdose, self-inflicted wounds
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4 ways to reduce pains of imprisonment
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involvement in illegal trade
sexual relations humor mature coping |
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in attempts to reduce incidence of suicide and self-harm, CSC inplemented ___
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peer support programs in all institutions
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porter study
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224 of 317 federal offenders scored low on psycho checklist after release...
- those who scored high committed more offences after release - also failed in communty release faster |
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stanford prison experiment was
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canceled after 6 days
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3 ways of coping for prisoners (stanford)
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1) fight and rebel
2) break down and get released 3) become a model prisoner |
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conditional release granted under 2 conditions
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1) applicant unlikely to reoffend between release and w.expiry
2) risk of reoffending can be managed by specific interventions |
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parole to be granted if
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1) offenders reoffending will not present undue risk
2) risk of reoffendinf can be managed by interventions |
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underlying presmise of conditional release programs is that the liklihood of recidicism is reduced, as well as:
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1) incentive
2) loss of liberty as a threat 3) minimize negative effects of incarceration 4) supervision as beneficial |
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NPB should use
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least restrictive means to protect society
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offenders are informed of
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the reasons they were denied parole
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Brown study
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sought to describe needs of newly release offenders in parole officer opinion (what do they need to succeed?)
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7 themes came of that analysis:
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1) survival stuff
2) life skills 3) edu/employ assistance 4) access to corr. programs 5) offender insight 6) prep for release while still in there 7) structure of parole decreases over time, persons get more self-sufficient |
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release can happen at 3 points
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1) parole eligibility date
2) discharge date (2/3 sentence) 3) warrant expiry date (free to be) |
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6 types of conditional release
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temporary absence (TA)
day parole full parole remission/discharge statutory release warrant expiry date |
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day parole
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1/6 of sentence
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full parole
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1/3 or seven years (whichever is less.. most common)
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remission/discharge
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provincial (2/3)
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statuatory release
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federal (2/3)
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indeterminant sentences
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25-life (less parole options for these)
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LTSO
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can run as long as 10 years
*have to be in more than 2 * created in response to sex offenders * different from DO because they manage risk |
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DOS
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serve intdeterminate sentences, only released by NPB, no stat release options
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which provinces have own parole board
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quebec and ontario
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parole decreasing especially in ontario, why?
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inmates may be incarcerated here until warrant expiry
- due to a corrections accountability act - inamtes must each privlidge of release (programs, abiding rules) |
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what is the most common type of provincial release
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temporary absence (can be just a day or as long as 60)
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3 types of temporary absences in ontario
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1) humanitarian
2) medical 3) rehab/reintegration such as work, school, program attendance |
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all inmates in ontario allowed to apply as long as
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1) dont have outstanding charges
2) have served 1/6 3) have good behaviour |
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back end EM
front end EM |
used as conditions of TA
used as alternatives to confinement- sentencing option |
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WHY HAS PAROLE DECLINED REAL REASON
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due to get tough measures- many dont apply because sentence is short (might as well stay a couple extra months and walk out with no supervision)
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In ontario, if sentence is more than 6 months
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automatically get a parole hearing (some may decline- for reasons above)
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remission
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serve entire sentence minus remission (one day per every two seved)
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as sentence length increases, percent of offenders release on
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stat release increases
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3/4 of offenders on indeterminate sentences are
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first released on day parole with the rest being released to full parole
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federal inmates' reintegration portential rating is established early ins entencing and
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puts them into high medium or low categories (with high not required to undergo programming)
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when are lifers with 1st degree murder eligible for full parole
second degree? |
after 25 years, between 10-25 years
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only __% of those released on parole are readmitted
__% of those released without supervision are readmitted |
10, 50
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grant rates for day parole and full parole
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day = 70%, and full = 40%
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most common form of release for federal offenders
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full parole
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accelerated parole review (APR)
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some first time fed offenders convicted of a nonviolent offence may have their parole expidited after serving 1/3. (violent offenders not eligible)
- 30-40% released on this readmitted in 2 years |
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parole file
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insitutional reports
victim impact statements police reports pre-sentence reports official offence record materials prepped by inmate-applicant letters of support from inmate-applicant community assessment |
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faint hope clause
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allows murderers receiving a life stence with no eligibility for parole for at least 15 years to apply for a reduction
- automatic appl whats considered: 1) character 2) conduct 3) nature of offence 4) any info from victim 5) any other matters *1997: jury must be unanimous, and multiple homicides not allowed *eliminated 2011 |
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only about __ of those eligible have applied, and the acceptance rate is
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1/4, 83%
- recidivism rate for those with reduced is very low |
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inmates designated as DO's serve indeterminate sentences and can only be release by
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the NPB --- therefore can be in prison forever essentially
- NPB will only release if certain wont harm community |
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provincial inmates on stat release are ____
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not supervised, THOSE ON FED. ARE
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few cases of parole are appealed, and the ones that are elad to
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affirmative action in 95% of cases
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3 issues of parole boards
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may be subjet to public/political influence
absence of clearly defined release criteria abesne of info feedback to parole board members |
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aboriginals more likely to be on
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stat release than any other kind
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why
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partly due to waiving the right to parole hearings (feel they wont win, etc)
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paretger
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first canadian parole officer murdered by parolee during home visit
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when determining conditional release, we ask 2 questions
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a) if released, will they commit an offene they would not have committed if locked up
2) will conditional release redue risk for reoffinding compared to cold turkey |
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most offenders who reoffend do so within
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first two years of release
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community intervention scale (CIS)
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used with every federal offender discharged on a conditional release and is readministered every 6 months to monitor any changes in the parolee`s situation
* part 1: low med or high needs level * part 2: low or high criminal history risk this indicates level of supervision needed |
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collateral effects
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personal belognings loss, difficulties getting a job, etc
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simmons
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fraud, trafficking, etc.
- prison turns you into an animal -used heroin to cope with mundane life in prison 0 advocates for programming to make transition better |
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Community parole project (London)
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improving services, circles of support with high risk offenders
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aboriginals more likely to
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go back for breaching parole than anyone else, and morelikely to commit violent offence while outon conditional release
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community adult mentoring and support program
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supplemtn parolee with volunteers
- high needs offenders - not reached expiy - success (only 3 of 84 had new charges) - start making contact before release, and meet two times a week - usually lasts 1 year plus |
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federal parolees are supervised by
provincial parolees supervised by |
the CSC
probation and parole officers |
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integrated police and parole initiative
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liason to spot and stop issues
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following federal offenders 7 years after release, was showing that __% of offenders serving determinate sentences had not been convicted of a new offence, and __% of indeterminate hadnt
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60%, 73%
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___ most likely to reoffend
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short term determinants
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after 7 years also, __% of indeterminates remained free of violent offences, and __% of indeterminants
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89%, 80%
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therefore, ___ had fewwer convictions after overall
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indeterminate
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youth services bureau of ottawa
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non profit, community reintegration program by looking at underlying reasons for offending, it is voluntary
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4 modules in the social integration program for women
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1) welness
2) relationships 3) occupations 4) activities and community functioning |
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circles of support and accountability initiative began as an innovative response to a single set of circumstances
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high risk, repeat child sexual abuser was released to the community from a federal pen.
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circle supports are ___and seem to __
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volntary, work
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__% felt without circle they would have hard time asjusting, and __ felt they would have returned to crim
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90, 2/3
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__% of community members felt a circle would make them feel safer and thought circles were positive and worked
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68
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COSA had a __ % reduction in sexual recidivism
had a __% reduction in all types violent recidivism and a ___% reduction in ALL types overall |
70%, 57%, 35%
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failing to abide by any of the set conditions may result in a suspension of a conditional release.. 2 outcomes:
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1) cancel suspension,
2) case can be referred back to NPB |
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offenders on stat relase are __ times more likely to commit offence than those on parol
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7 times
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two key documents prepared by parole officer in parole board deliberations are
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1) critical incident report (what led to it)
2) post-suspension report (is release plan still valid) |
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high risk offender program
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cognitive behaviour/counselling. Group therapy adddresses 4 F's associated with sex offences: feelings, fantasy, future, follow-through
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problem with cold turkey releases- dont have to track them.. with high risk we curb this problem by
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1) community notification in the news
2) forcing individual into judicial recognizance- peace bond (subkject to conditions like not going to a school) |
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who is this used most often for
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pedos who have reached warrant expiry but remain at high risk of committing against children 16 and under
- proactive - can be in effect up to 12 months |
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__% of parolees in ontario successfully complete conditional release
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90% (9% violate and 1% commit new)
*media gives wrong impression |
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offenders completed parole can apply for a pardon:
summary offences after __ years indictable offences after __ years |
3, 5
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suspension of conditional release
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libo situation in which offender is placed in temp. local custody- parolees suspected of new offence can be suspended as well.,. but most are for condition violations/breaching
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what happens to those who disappear on release
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subjects of arrest warrants--- their sentence stops running until they are arrested
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successful parole only looks at
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until the last day. if commit the day after, not considered a failure
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6 challenges in measuring parole success
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1) many dont apply
2) conditional release may be revoked for other reasons 3) studies= short periods 4)no measure of ofender's QOL 5) recidivism= readmission 6) did parole help theM? or other things.. |
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lifers
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term for those serving max sentence in prison
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__% of total fed prison pop serving life
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23
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1st degree murder sentence if
16-17 yrs 14-15 yrs |
10
5-7 |
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2nd degree murder 16-17 yrs
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7 years
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if you have a previous murder?
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automatic 25, usually consecutive
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parole status of lifers:
__% in prison __% on conditional release (with 80% being 2nd degree) |
63, 37
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concrete momosyndrome
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feel like prison is home- might not fare well outside
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national flagging system for high risk
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ontario has most; 2,400
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who gets flagged
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1) anyone likely designated as a DO or LTO if convited of serious personal injury offence
2) already been subject of a DO or LTO applicartion |
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DO label doesnt apply to those convited of
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treason
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DO label is targeted towards
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violent people with shorter sentence- way to hold longer
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habitual offender designation
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stems from british provisions and is that our system is based off
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Alternative to DO
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determinate sentence (2+ years) followed by up to ten year supervision order and superintended by corrections canada
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DO label given to
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life sentences, serious personal injury, and predicted to be dangerous in future (violent)
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youre a psycho if you score more than
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30of 40
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Johnson
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sentenced as a DO in canada for spreading AIDS- and convicted 2 counts first degree murder for deaths by AIDS
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sex offenders and recidivism
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recidivism is less only if its the first offence, after that it increases
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Christopher Stevenson
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11 yr old in brampton. story helped set the sex offender registry
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2006 the govrnment
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introduced leg. that made it easier to get a DO label
3 strikes, your a DO (reverse onus)- americanization |
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NPB required to review the DO label every
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7 years (parole may be granted... if denied can get reviewed every 2 ears)
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3 criteria for a LTO
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- sentence of 2+ years is approporate
- substantial risk of reoffending and causing harm - reasonable possibilithy risk can be controlled someday in community |
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more than half of LTSO are
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maxed to WED
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__% of LTS are sex offenders
__% are serving in the community __% are women |
72, 36, 1
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most DOs and LTOs have
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3+ victims
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preference for __ most predictive factor of sex offence recidivism
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children
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more DO of more LTSO?
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DO
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DO/LTSO
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aboriginal, 40 ish, single, low education, unemployed
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most common reason to get a DO label or LTSO
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sex offences (followed by kidnapping)
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psycho strongly correlated with
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antisocial personality disorder
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2 parts to check hare
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1)semi structured interview
2) review records/history |
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reliance on 2 factors hare
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1) personality aggressive narcissicm
2) hisory of a socially deviant lifestyler |
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VRAG (violence risk appraisal guide)
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predicts violent recidivism and gives a percent probability
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SORAG (sex offender risk approaisal guide)
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same. same as VRAG + previous sex offences, previous sex offence under 14
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__% of sex offenders know the victim
*older than regular inmates on general (by 4 years) and are half the pop. older than 55 |
77
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what percent of female offenders have experienced sex abuse
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40-80%
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what percent have subsance abuse issues
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80-90
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hume says
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women have more problems and are more likely to recidivate
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increase in correctional supervision greater for men or women?
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women
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matron
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hired in 1836 after an inspector found sentencing of females to be not ideal
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no more than __ of females in prison pop considered violent
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10%
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why is pop of women increasing more than men
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chivalry effect- women used to be protected
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womens __ offenses increasing more
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property
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pre-industrial prisons based on quaker model (3)
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religion, labor, solitude
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matron did not
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fix the moral conditions so was fired
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first entirely separate NA prison in the state of __ and became fully operational in 1874
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indiana
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in 1879, first prison for women in Canada was opened in ___ an called
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Toronto (andrew mercer reformatory)
- women here did laundry for the males |
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elizabeth fry
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wanted to instill family manners, become "good feminine women"
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critizied for two things
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being classist and racist
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P4W- max security from 1934-2000.
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out of 6 wardens, 2 were female
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megative aspects of p4W (4)
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all subkect to max even tho only 15% needed it
- lacked good programming - came from far distances - limited daily activity |
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at least __ women killed themselves from 1977-1991, and _ were native
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12, 8
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7 comission reports on p4W submitted to government and each recommened
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closing the prison and replacing it with smaller regional communities
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one human rights comission foudn they did not have
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access to the things available to males
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1991 creating changes
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new philosophy on the corrections of females: 5 principles
*also adovated P4W closure (didnt close til 2000) |
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5 principles
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empowerment
meaningful/responsible choices respect/dignity supportive environments shared responsibility |
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P4W raid
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all male IERT stormed cells after a violent confrontaion earlier... riot was sparked due to 4th suicide of native n 16 mths.
- women encarcerated themselves to make a point |
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what did this male team do
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shacked women, extracted cells, removed clothing.. lasted 6 hrs
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not believes
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until 1995 made public
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final report on raid said
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1(violated min standard of prisoner treatment
2) contravened articles 3 and 5 3) anththtical to creating changes report |
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P4W replaced with
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networkds ofsmaller regionl facilities and aboriginal healing lodges
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raids resulted in
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1) raised awareness
2) showed need for monitoring/revew 3) served as basis for policy |
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women in prison more lkey to have committed... and on pobation...
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drug or violentce, on probation more prorety offense
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__% of females hard against spuse
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46-- differnet from males who are more likely acquaintance
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overall, females more likelt to
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intimate partner/another family member
males- axquaintance/other family member |
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women __% of fed admissions, and __% of provincial
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6%, 11%
13% on remand 18% on probation 19% conditional sentence |
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Koons et al female needs (6)
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1) substance abuse/drugs
2) childhood victimization 3) parenting issues 4) mental illness 5)lack of edu 6) periods of unemployment/lack of skills |
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solutions program
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1) education on ssbtances
2) edu on life problems 3) pick behaviour to change 4) taugh about emotions 5) recovery skills/relapse prevention |
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WOSAP (women offenders substance abuse program)
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1) 8 sessions initial contact w leaderr
2) education or insitituional living 3) therprutic stage 4) release issues/relapse preventin |
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which is the best
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WOSAP (fixed all provelsmw tih previous)
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Bloom 1993: adverse effects of incarcration on
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1) family unit
2) child development 3) mother-child bomd |
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bloom 1997:parenting and child care programs attempt to address (4)
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1) prentatal care
2) care/placement of kids 3) visitation policies 4) custody rights |
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__% had attempted one suicide and __% had one self injury
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61%, 38%
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women double deviance
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1) criminal activity
2) stepped outside feminine norms |
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how many female DO in canada
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3. 2 overturned... werent as serious as male crimes given same label
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andrews and Downden found programs following these three rediced recidivism rates
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1) targeted higher risk offenders for services
2) focus on traditional criminogenic needs 3) utlized approaches of CBT and socal learning |
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ratio of female to male sex offenders
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1:20
|
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about __% are female
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13%
|
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more likely to abuse
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males, either alone or with partner
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estimates are _ than reality
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lower- often diverted from CJS and sent to mental health
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3 types
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1) male coerced (hist. of sex abuse)
2) predisposed (incest hist. fear of abandomnent, psych issues) 3) teacher/lover (difficulties in rela) |
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3 differences for sex women
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- history more likely
- more co-offending- -more likely to abuse in care situation |
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5 objectives of diversion programs
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1) avoid negative labeling/stigma
2) reduction of unnecessary social control or coercion 3) reduction of recidivism 4) provision of services 5) reduction in costs of CJS |
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offenderd can be diverted from the formal system at the following points
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precharge police diversion, postchrage, and postsentencing diversion
|
|
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diversion programs target first time low risk offenders, raising concerns of
|
net widening= involving offenders who would otherwise have been release outright by police and not charged
|
|
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Mid island diversion program
|
out of john howard
- accountability - cost reduction - direct at minor first time -victim involvemet |
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|
community council program
|
- responsibility
-reduce recidivism - acccountability - direct towards aboriginals |
|
|
youth mental health court service of the youth therapeutic court
|
works with 16 and under
- suspected mental illness - can be reffered at any time |
|
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three goals of the above program
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1) identify menthal health needs
2) facilitate access to MH care 3) diversion where appropriate |
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3 issues of probation
|
1) increasing case loads
2) focus on risk assessment 3) increasing # of special needs categories |
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probation max
|
3 years
|
|
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5 paths to probation
|
1) part of conditional discharge
2) condition of suspended sentence 3) part of intermittent sentence 4) sentence of its own (most common) 5) following prison term less than 2 yrs |
|
|
probation is under
|
provincial system.. not given to feds unless sentence is exactly 2 yrs
|
|
|
average probation length is
|
15 months, cases receiving is at 45%
|
|
|
probation can also be included in any of the following
|
1) fine
2) imprisonment up to 2 years 3) intermittent sentence 4) conditonal sentence |
|
|
3 mandatory conditions of probation
|
1) keep peace/be of good behaviour
2) apear before court when required 3) notify court/probatio officer of any change of name/address/occupation |
|
|
supreme court rules
|
no blood or urine tests (cviolates charter)
|
|
|
breach of probation
|
an elective/hybrid offence carrying max penalty of 2 years
|
|
|
3 activities
|
assessment, case management, supervising probation/ persons released on bail awaiting trial
|
|
|
3 premise behind internsive supervision
|
1) reduce prison admission
2) reduce costs 3) protect public |
|
|
5 obstacles for probation officers
|
1) increasing workloads
2) increasing caseload 3) lack of contact (1.6/mts 22 min) 4) increasing needs/risks of probationers 5) providing probation services in remote/northern areas |
|
|
7 improvements
|
1) supervise in community
2) constant supervision 3) focus on higher risk 4) esuring strict enfrocement 5) partnership bw community/probation programs 6) creation of performance based initiatives 7) incorporating restorative justice approaches |
|
|
intermediate sanctions + 2 pbjectives
|
fall between probation and incarceration
1)offender-oriented 2) system oriented |
|
|
primary objective of intermediate
|
hold responsible through restrictive/intensive intervention
* treatment and rehab are secondary |
|
|
conditional sentence optionals
|
1) abstain alcohol
2) abstain having a weapon 3) care for dependents 4) community worj 5) attending required programming |
|
|
Probation=
|
rehab
|
|
|
conditional sentencing
|
punitive justice + rehab
|
|
|
average length of conditional
|
8 mths
|
|
|
gconditional sentence?
|
risk? harm?
|
|
|
offenders on conditional are supervised by
|
probation officers- remember they are nOT on probation
|
|
|
Quebec, ON, and BC
|
using conditonal more
* prpoerty crime highest |
|
|
tough on crime leads to
|
a reliance on prison system:
1) increasing prison pop 2) longer sentences 3) more disease spread |
|
|
resorative justice
|
incolcement of all partieis - everyone is injured
- Canada a learer in alternative justice policies |
|
|
intermeddiate sanctions (2)
|
1) offender oriented
2)system oriented |
|
|
5 primary objectives to restorative justice
|
1) needs of victims
2) prevent reoffending through integration 3) enable responsibility 4) create a community of support 5) provide an alternative |
|
|
circle sentencing developed in
|
Yukon
|
|
|
who is involved
|
judge, lawyer, police, victim and family, offender and family, and community
|
|
|
3 conditions to circle sentencing
|
1) serious crime and crown seeking custody
2) accused person displays remorse 3) victim interested |
|
|
3 concerns of it
|
1) ensuring health of community
2) power and status hierarchies 3) legal rights of offender protected |
