Corrections

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Galley Slavery

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A sentence forcing the convict to work as a rower on a ship.

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Bridewells

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Work houses constructed to hold and whip or otherwise punish "beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers" and later as places of detention.

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Transportation

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A sentence exiling convicts and transporting them to a penal colony.

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Norfolk Island

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An English penal colony, 1000 miles off the Australian coast, regarded as a brutal and violent island prison where inmates were poorly fed, clothed, and housed and we really mistreated by staff and their fellow inmates.

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Panopticon

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A prison design in which multi-tiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed.

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Great law

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William Penns idea, based on quaker principles, deemphasized the use of corporal and capital punishment for all crimes but the most serious.

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Pennsylvania prison system

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Prison that emphasized silence and isolated inmates in their cells restricting their contact with others, and reinforcing the need for penitence.

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New York prison system

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Prisons included congregate work and eating arrangements but silent and separate housing.

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New gate prison in Simsbury, Connecticut

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Operated based on quaker ideals, so it focused on rehabilitation, religious redemption, and work programs to support prison upkeep and did not use corporal punishment.

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Hulks

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Derelict naval vessels transformed into prisons and jails

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Correctional institutions

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Institutions that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiencies. They are also intended to be places where inmates can earn "good time" and eventually parole.

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Walnut Street Jail

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Originally constructed in 1773 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it held pretrial detainees and minor offenders; failing to separate by gender, age, or offenses; and used the fee system, which penalized the poor and led to the near starvation of some.

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Elmira Reformatory

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Founded in 1876 in New York as a model prison in response to calls for the reform of prisons from from an earlyer era, it aimed to encompass all of the rehabilitation focus and graduated reward system that reformers were agitated for.

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Marks system

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A graduated reward system for prisons l, in which if one behaves, it is possible to earn "mark" that in turn entitle one to privileges.

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Contract and lease systems

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Systems devised to use inmates labor by the prison to farmers or other contractors

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Sateville Prison

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Built in Illinois as a panopticon in 1925 in reaction to the deplorable conditions of the old joliet, Illinois, prison built in 1860.

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Medical model

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Rehabilitation model that assumes criminals are sick and need treatment.

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Big house prisons

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Fortress stone or concrete prisons, usually maximum security, whose attributes include "isolation, routine, and mononotony" strict security and rule enforcement, at least formally, and a regimented schedule are other hallmarks of such facilities

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Convict code

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Informal rules that inmates live by vis-a-vis the institution and staff

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Warehouse Prison

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Large prisons, of any security level, where inmates lives and movement are severely restricted and rule-bound. There is no pretence of rehabilitation ; punishment, incapacitation, and deterrence are the only justifications.

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Sentence

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A punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime either by a jury, a judge, or in a plea bargain.

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Justice

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A moral concept about just or fair treatment consisting of "treating equals equally and unequals unequally according to relevant differences

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Indeterminate Sentence

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A prison sentence consisting of a range of years to be determined by the convicts behavior, rather than one of a fixed number of years.

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Truth-in-Sentencing laws

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Laws that require there be a truthful, realistic connection between the sentences imposed on offenders and the time they actually serve.

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Determinate Sentence

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A prison sentence of a fixed number of years that must be served rather than a range.

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Mandatory sentence

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A prison sentence imposed for crimes for which probation is not an option, where the minimum time to be served is set by law.

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Concurrent Sentence

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Two separate sentences are served at the same time.

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Consecutive Sentence

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Two or more sentences that must be served sequentially

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Habitual offender statutes

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Statutes mandating that offenders with a third felony conviction be sentenced to life imprisonment regardless of the nature of the third felony

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Life without parole

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A life sentence with the additional condition that the person never be allowed parole

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Shock probation

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A type of sentence aimed at shocking offenders into going straight by exposing them to the reality of prison life for a short period followed by probation.

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Split sentences

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Sentences that require convicted persons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to probation placement.

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Victim impact statement

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A statement made by persons directly affected by a crime to inform the court of the personal and emotional harm they have suffered as a result of the defendants actions and in some states to make a sentencing recommendation.

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Problem Solving Courts

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Alternatives to traditional criminal courts that cannot adequately address the problems of offenders with special needs and other issues such as alcoholism or mental health problems

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Drug Court

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A special sentence for drug related, non violent offenders who must then complete an extensive drug treatment program.

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Sentencing disparity

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Wide variation in sentences received by different offenders that may be legitimate or discriminatory.

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United States sentencing commission

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A commission charged with creating mandatory sentencing guidelines to control judicial discretion

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Sentencing guidelines

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Scales for numerically computing sentences that offenders should receive based on the crime they committed and on their criminal records.

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Overcrowding

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A phenomenon that occurs when the number of inmates exceeds the physical capacity available.

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Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003

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Act that mandated that the Bureau of justice statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and that they identify facilities with high levels of victimization

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New generation/ podular direct supervision jails

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Jails that have two key components: a rounded or "podular" architecture for living units and the "direct" supervision of inmates by staff.

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Community Jails

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Jails organized so those inmates engaged on educational, drug, or alcohol couseling, or mental health programming in the community will seamlessly receive such services while incarcerated and again as they transition out of the facility.

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Co-equal staffing

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Programs that provide comparable pay and benefits for those who work in the jail to that for people who work on the streets as law enforcement in sheriff's department

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Reentry

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The process of integrating offenders back into the community after release from jail or prison

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Probation

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A sentence imposed on convicted offenders that allows them to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer instead of bring sent to prison

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Judicial reprieve

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British and early American practice of delaying sentencing following a conviction that could become permanent, depending on the offenders behavior

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National Probation Act of 1925

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The act that initiated the legal use of probation in the United states

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Community Corrections

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A branch of corrections defined as any activity performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in reestablishing functional law abiding roles in the community while at the same time monitoring their behavior for criminal activity

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Intermediate sanctions

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Refers to a number of innovative alternative sentences that may be imposed in place of the traditional prison/ probation dichotomy

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Work release programs

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Programs designed to control offenders in a secure environment while at the same time allowing them to maintain employment

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Intensive supervision probation

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Probation that involves more frequent surveillance of probationers and that there is a fighting chance that they may be rehabilitated

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Correctional boot camp

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Facilities modeled after military boot camps where young and non violent offenders are subjected to military style discipline and physical and educational programs

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Victim offender reconciliation programs

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Programs designed to bring offenders and their victims together in an attempt to reconcile the wrongs offenders have caused

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Restorative Justice

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A system of justice that gives approximately equal weight to the community protection, offender accountability and the offender

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Balanced approach

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A three pronged goal of the juvenile justice system : (1) to protect the community. (2) to hold delinquent youths accountable and (3) to provide treatment and positive role models

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Prisons

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Correctional facilities used for long term and convicted offenders

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Supermax prisons

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High security prisons that hold those who are violent or disruptive in other prisons in the state of federal system

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Maximum security prisons

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Prisons where both external and internal security are high and programs and contact with other prisoners and visitors are very limited

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Medium security prisons

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Prisons that have high external security, but less restrictive internal security and more opportunities for programs

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Minimum security prisons

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Prisons with relaxed external and internal security created for low level felony offenders who are not expected to be an escape or behavioral problem

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Total institution

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A place of residence and work where a large number of like situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life.

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Mortification

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Process that occurs as inmates inside the prison and they suffer from the loss of many roles they occupied in The Wider world

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Importation

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Occurs when inmates bring aspects of the larger culture into the prison

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Prisonization

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The adopting of the inmate subculture by inmates

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Pains of imprisonment

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The deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, the autonomy, and deprivation of security

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Prison subculture

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The norms, values, beliefs and even laguage of the prison

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Gangs

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Groups of people with similar interest who socialize together and support each other, but who also engage in deviant or criminal activities.

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Attica prison riot

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The bloodiest prison riot in American history, sparked b inmate frustration over overcrowded conditions, lack of programming, racism, and other conditions of confinement.

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New Mexico prison riot

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This prison exploded in a riot over the conditions of confinement and crowding. Over 3 days 33 inmates were killed by other inmates.

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Mature coping

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The ability of some inmates to adjust pro socially and to respond to problems responsibly and without resorting to violence

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Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill

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This happened in the United states as a result of the civil rights movement and the related effort to increase the rights of people involuntarily committed to mental hospitals

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Gender identity

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The gender one identities with rather than the sex one is born with.

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Profession

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Regarding the positions of corrections officer's and staff, a profession is distinguished by prior educational attainment involving college, formal training on the job or just prior to the start of the job, pay and benefits that ate commensurate with the work, the ability to exercise discretion, and work that is guided by a code of ethics

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Stanford prison experiment

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A 1971 experiment conducted at stanford university utilizing volunteer students, dividing to inmates and officer's to make a makeshift prison

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Power

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The ability to get people to do what they otherwise wouldn't

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Bureaucracy

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A type of organizational structure that includes these three elements: hierarchy, specialization, and rule of law

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Closed institutions

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Institutions separated from their outside environments, and are unaffected by those environments, to some extent

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Organizational culture

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The values, beliefs, history, traditions, and language held and practiced in a given organization

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Role

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What a person does on the job every day

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Hack

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A correctional officer in a prison who is a violent, cynical, and alienated keeper of inmates

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Human Service

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A correctional officer who provides goods, services, advocacy, and assistance to help inmates adjust.

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Parole

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The release of prisoners from prison before completing their full sentence

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Irish System

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A prison system used in the 19th century. This system involved four stages, beginning with a 9 month period of solitary confinement, the first 3 months with reduced rations and no work

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Unconditional Release

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A type of release from prison for inmates who have completed their entire sentences. They are released unconditionally--- With no parole

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Descretionary Parole

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Parole granted at the discretion of a parole board for selected inmates who have earned it

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Mandatory Parole

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Automatic parole after a set period of time for almost all inmates

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Parole board

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A panel of people presumably qualified to make judgements about the suitability of a prisoner to be released from prison after having served some specified time of his or her sentence

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Halfway houses

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Transitional places of residence for correctional clients who are "halfway" between the constant supervision of prison and the much looser supervision in the community

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Community residential centers

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Place where offenders reside when correctional authorities deem them not yet ready to live completely freely

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House Arrest

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Programs that require offenders to remain in their homes except for approved periods to travel to work, school, or other approved destinations

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Electric monitoring

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A system by which offenders under house arrest can be monitored for compliance using computerized technology such as an electronic device worn around the offenders ankle.

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Global positioning system

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A system of probation/parole supervision whereby probationers /paroles are required to wear a tracking unit that can be monitored by satellites

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Mount Pleasant prison

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The first prison constructed for woman in the United states.

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House of refuge

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Their stated purpose was to remove impressionable youth, mainly boys, but also girls, from the contamination that association with more hardened adult prisoners might bring

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Liberal feminist

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One who believes that the problem for girls and women involved in crime lies more with the social structure around them and that the solution lies in preparing them for an alternate existence so that they do not turn to crime

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Double Deviants

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Woman and girls are often seen as doubly deviant when they engage in crime because they have violated societal gender role expectations

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Patriarchy

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Involves the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior that value men and boys over woman and girls

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Quid pro quo sexual harassment

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Involves something for something, as in you give your boss sexual favors and he allows you to keep your job

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Hostile environment

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Occurs when the workplace is sexualized with jokes, pictures, or in other ways that are offensive to one gender