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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five basic worldview assumptions shared by Jews and Gentiles?
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Reality (physical AND spiritual realms), Spritiual is AS REAL as the physical, Spiritual INTERSECTS/INTERACTS with physical, Spiritual INFLUENCES/CONTROLS physical, no distinction between religious and non religious.
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What is the Jewish nature of God, world, and humanity?
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God: one true God, creator. World: earthly (phyiscal realm) and heavenly (spiritual realm with angels, demons, powers, rulers)
Humanity: in the image of God, in covenant with God |
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How do we know? (Judiasm)
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general revelation (creation)
special revelation (scriptures/torah) |
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How should we act in response (Judiasm)?
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To God: love God, no idols
To the world: observe sabbath and keep it holy, rest To humanity: rest of the 10 commandments |
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The Temple (Sadducees)
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guarded temple activities, priests. feasts/sacrifices. passover, unleavened bread, pentecost, tabernacles. must continue to go through ritual sacrifices.
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The Synagogue (Pharisees)
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not priests. rabbis, scirbes, teachers of the law. came up w/ theology and the rules. follow the law. developed post-Torah oral tradition. believed in angels and demons and the resurrection
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What is the nature of reality (Gentiles)?
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God: polytheistic (artemis, dionysis, pan)
World: earthly (physical realm), heavenly (spiritual realm, authorities, thrones, world rulers, elemental spirits, dominions, angels, rulers) Humanity: at mercy of deities and spiritual beings |
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How do we know? (Gentiles)
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mythic literature
mystery religions |
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How should we act in response (gentiles)
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God: idols
World: magic, divination (spirit guides), astrology Humanity: magic (protective, aggressive malvolent, control, divination) |
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How did Jesus address the Jewish and Gentile worldviews?
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His basic message was proclaiming the kingdom of God (the time has come, reign/sovereignty of God, change your worldview!)
Jewish: taught w/ authority, called out demons, healed, people wondered how he did it. Gentile: calms the physically and spiritually terrified (afraid of the spiritual abyss) |
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What did Paul say that our struggle is against?
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Rulers, authorities, powers of this dark world, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms
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What was Jesus' ministry before the cross (incarnation)?
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A. Jesus proclaimed and demonstrated the kingdom of God to PEOPLE. It was the main topic of his preaching and teaching, and the basis of his works and ministry.
B. Jesus confronted the spiritual POWERS OF DARKNESS. 1. Two trees in garden of eden. 2. Jesus is sent. He is linked to Adam (the new Adam), represents human race and will accomplish something. 3. Jesus is tempted by the devil (questioning God's words) 4. Jesus declares his mission (scripture is fulfilled through him) 5. Assault and Rescue (confront powers of darkness, rescue people, free from demons) 6. Recruiting followers (disciples and 12 apostles) |
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What was Jesus' ministry on the cross (crucifixion)
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Cosmic showdown. satan vs. Jesus.
The religious leaders who put him on the cross belong to their father (satan) and are carrying out his desire. Judas Iscariot had satan in him. |
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What was Jesus' ministry after the cross?
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Jesus conquered the POWERS OF DARKNESS. Jesus rescued/redeemed PEOPLE from the kingdom of darkness. Jesus will have the final word when he returns.
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What is a touchstone?
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It tests the genuineness or reality of something (real gold or silver or not)
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What are the two touchstone events?
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The temple event: Jesus equates himself with God, thus forcing people to decide whether he is a liar, crazy, or actually God.
The Sepulcher Event: resurrection. people have to conclude he is God if they believe the resurrection (why would disciples die for a lie?) |
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What were three preliminary considerations to the birth of the church?
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In the fullness of time (timing of Jesus' life). The Great Commission. The Promise of Power to be Witness (power will be given by authority. wait in jerusalm until power comes from holy spirit @ pentacost)
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What is the Great Commission?
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Jesus told his disciples: build church through followers, entrust them w/ the well being of his kingdom, grant them supernatural authority to bring people into church, he will be with them.
Commands: scatter and make disciples of all nations, baptize in the name of the Father, son, and holy spirit, teach what he taught them |
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Christian nature of reality
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God: immanent, transcendent
World: real, created good, corrupted by sin, waiting for redemption, reflects both God's glory and corruption Humaninty: created good, in image of God, corrupted by sin, show God's glory and corruption |
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How do Christians know reality?
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Through creation (empiricism)
Through scriptures (authority) Through work of holy spirit (intuitionism) Through the human condition/ sense of supernatural (innatism) |
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How do Christians act in response to what they know?
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honor God, follow Christ, serve humanity, be witnesses
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What is the book of Acts about?
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birth of the church, persecution leads to expansion, acts of peter and inclusion of the gentiles, antioch becomes a missionary church, aegean shores evangelized, paul realized his hope of seeing rome
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Why was the book of Acts written?
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to provide and accurate account of the origins of the gospel and it's rapid growth, to demonstrate that the Christian movement wasn't a threat, to prove that Christianity is the fullfilment of the OT faith, to defend the gospel and church against rivals.
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Characteristics of the early church
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Performance of miracles (supernatural events from holy spirit, against the physical laws). Allocation of shared resources (care for each other through food, shelther, clothes). Development of Church organization (created deacons for physical needs and counsels to handle disagreements). A Challenge to the status quo (way things are aren't the way things ought to be. questions arose about the way things are). The Church Catholic - A Universal Gospel (for everyone).
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How was the Gospel communitcated to the Jews, the Africans, and to Gentiles of Hellenistic world?
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Jews: first sermon (pentacost) in tongues during jewish feast, people became first missionaries
Africans: through philip who met and ethopian on the road and made him a christian. beginning of coptic church in africa. Hellenistic Gentiles: Cornellius (roman centurion) became christian. peter has vision that gospel shouldn't just be for jews, jews and gentiles are equal. athens - statue of unknown god. |
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What were the costs of discipleship?
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arrested, Stephen was arrested and stoned to death, James was killed, Christians fled Jerusalem thus spreading the gospel
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What were the five purposes of the early church?
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1. To facilitate holy worship of God
2. To instruct Christians in the application of correct teaching to their daily lives 3. To encourage and support believers through fellowship and sharing of burdens 4. To serve those in need in and out of church 5. to guard against threats to purity of church (attitudes, behavior) |
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How does human culture view the church?
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1. As a REACTIONARY force (looking back to a better time, bring that to present)
2. As a STABILIZING force (present is better than past, keep it that way, no change) 3. As a PROGRESSIVE force (past was ok, present is better, futures will be even better. agents of change) 4. As a RADICAL force (present is messed up, nothing will change without getting radical. revolutions, violence) |
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How does the church view human culture?
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1. Christ AGAINST culture (culture isn't what Christ wants, can't be involved in it)
2. Christ OF culture (Christ is upholding norms of culture, principles are being upheld) 3. Chirst ABOVE culture (look to Christian principles, want culture to move towards them) 4. Christ and Culture in PARADOX (authority in faith and culture, dual loyalty) 5. Christ TRANSFORMING culture (change culture to meet christian principles) |
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Why are there so many different perspectives on Christianity and culture?
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The source (scripture) is recieved by falliable humans who have incorrect understanding, the recipients are embedded individual believers, and the challenge is self-awarenss of primary allegiance.
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Why are we considering the ideas of thinkers from the 2nd and 3rd centuries?
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The Holy Spirit has a history. They immersed themselves in reading, speaking, and applying Scripture. They were closer in time to the Apostles.
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Talk about Justin Martyr
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An apologist. Discussed the role of anciet philosophy (logos) as an unseen force. Themes of angels and demons from OT and Paul. Christ's speaking through logos. Effect of logo on pagans is partial knowledge. There were seeds of truth in Logos because Christ was there. Therefore, Christ was partially revealed in pagan religions, but they couldn't know God without knowing Christ fully.
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Talk about Irenaeus
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Challenged the Gnostics, believed that God created matter, saw God teaching through history (christ has always been present), three stage christian theology of history (God gave us creation, gave Jews law, salvation is God's revelation through Christ). All people have recieved revelation from God. God has revealed himself in different ways at different times. This revelation was sufficient for salvation if... There is no final salvation without Christ. "Righteous pagans" will be judged on basis of what they did with revelation they recieved.
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Talk about Clement of Alexandria
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All truths come from God. Christians can get kernels of truth from pagan sources. Philosophy is a gift from God, worthy of study. Christianity deals with Truth, the most comprehensive kind. Primary approach to God. Philosophy can help Christians in terms of apologetics. God provides different types of revelation for different people. Other religions contain both truth and error. Other religions worship the same God. Other religions are permitted by God. They serve didactic purposes for Christians.
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Talk about Origen
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Only mature Christians should study heretical non-Christian teachings. Other religions are used as a preparation for Christianity. God built controlling principles into the universe (freedom, justice, providence, and evil). Other religions if careful can help mature Christians. Other religions exist for spiritual reasons. Other religions are a mixed bag, but contain some truth.
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What are the implications of the teaching of the early church?
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Should change the way we think about other religions (we are spiritual entities that are used by God). Other religions are spiritual entities, not our enemy. Our response should be witness vs. argument. They remind us to be humble. Christian have much in common with non-Christian religion. They may help us see Christ differently. God can use other relgions to improve the church. But, new Christians should be careful. Other religions aren't the way to the triune God and salvation. They can enlarge our view of God.
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Why is it important for Christians and non Christians to know the work of Augustine?
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Christians - he was an influential theologian
Non Christains - philosopher in the tradition of plato, ancient autobiography, focus on inner thoughts and feelings, developer of just war theory |
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Who was Diocletian?
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A Roman ruler (Caesar) who saw Christians as a threat and began persecuting them.
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What is a tetrarcy?
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When Diocletian divided the empire into four sections, placing rulers over each of them. One of the rulers is constantine. Precarious unity.
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What did Constantine see in his vision?
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He heard a voice that called him to conquer in the name of Christ. Called to serve christ.
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What is rhetoric?
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art of persuasive speech and writing. Augustine's favorite subject.
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Who was Cicero and what lifestyle did he recommend?
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The search for happiness is not fulfilled by self-indulgence but by self-restraint.
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What important step did Augustine take to curb his hedonism?
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he took a concubine
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What were the major tenets of Mani's worldview?
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dualism - matter is evil. there are good and evil beings fighting each other. evil results from scattered fragments of light in the world that are trapper in material bodies.
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What were the central themes of Neoplatonism?
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Highest level: most real, the one God, simple, unchanging.
Creation level: less and less real, complex, changeable Evil level: non being, absense of good |
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Why did Ambrose appeal to Augustine?
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He was intelligent, cultured, and had also struggled with sexual temptation.
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What does "tolle lege" mean?
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take and read. Augustine heard a child's voice saying this in a garden, prompting him to read the Bible.
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What are the four teachings of Augustine?
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God and the problem of evil: God is in control, evil is not a being.
Original Sin and Grace: sin is from Adam, who changed human nature. Alienation from God. We struggle with Concupisentia (disordered desire). Grace comes and turns us towards God. Reason and Faith: knowledge comes from divine illumination, Scripture is highest authority. The City of God and the City of Man: city of man = human community as it is. city of God = ideal of human community. city of man is a tool God uses. real power is found in God's city. |
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What is concupiscentia?
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Disordered desire. Focus should be on God first, but it gets scattered among other things.
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According to Augustine, what role does education play for the Christian?
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The more you believe in God, the more light you will have and you will understand more. No gap between faith and reason.
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What is the "City of God"?
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Represents the ideal of human community. Real power is found in God's city.
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What is the nature of reality of Augstine?
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God: one, good, sovereign, gracious, out heart's goal
World: real, created good, affected by sin Humanity: struggle w/ concupisentia, can be changed by grace |
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How do we know what is real (Augusine)?
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faith and reason: divine illumination. scripture (authority). the world (empiricism). our hearts (innatism)
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How should we act in response to what we know? (Augustine)
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ordered vs. disordered love. live in the city of man; keep your eyes on the city of God
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canon
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group of texts
means rule, reed, standard |
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formal canon
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Old testament
used by early Christians Jesus referred to laws and prophets and quoted psalms. Contains promises of God's redemption. Showed God's faithfulness to persecuted minority. |
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informal canon
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oral and written (new testament writings)
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why were the letters written?
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to instruct in the christian faith. to exhort and encourage persecuted christians. to defend the christian faith from apostasy (falling away), moral corruption and conflict, and heresy (false teaching form within the church that threatens the gospel)
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functional authority
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were widely recognized as authoritative before formal canonization
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"Apostolic authority"
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written by apostle (eyewitness of Jesus) or by close associate of apostle
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Marcion
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put together a formal canon. Two Gods (OT creator-law/judgement- and NT God-love and light) rejected OT because he was against the Law. He had a large following, which motivated Christian community to define Christian scriptures. excommunicated.
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orthodoxy
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straight teaching/true Christian teaching
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Catholicity
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useful for whole church, everywhere and everyone universality
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heresy
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choosing/faction. a position taken by someone in the church that eventually is deemed threatening to the gospel
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Gnosticism
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knowledge. supreme divine being (unknowable), demiurge (fallen creator god, ruler of evil material world). two types of people: physical (earthly, soulish) and spiritual (possess special seed/spark of divine and spiritual knowledge). denial of humanity of Christ, no death, spiritual appearance. salvation is a release from ignorance through knowledge imparted by Christ. solution is the scriptures saying that Christ came in the flesh, the apostle's creed
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Arianism
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problem w/ trinity (wanted to preserve oneness of God against polytheism. God too pure to become human) and nature of Christ (both human and divine. son of God, was not God, but created by God, he is the only direct creation by God, created before the ages to create the world) problem: denies the divinity/deity of Christ. Solution: nicene creed
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Why did Christians flee to the desert?
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to save their lives, wanted to purify the faith. battle against satan, seek God, practice the discipline, body/soul dualism
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anchorite
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a person who lives alone and apart from society for religious meditation
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cenobitical community
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communities made up of cenobites, persons who are memebers of a religious order usually attached to a monastery or convent
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pachomis
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became an anchorite - developed a list of standards or rules for the community
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st. jerome
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critic of the church. started a monastery in bethlehem. wrote the vulgate (latin bible translation)
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benedict
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an anchorite. built monte cassino (large monastery) wrote the rule of st. benedict (community agreed rules)
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six characteristics of a monastic community
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permanence. obedience. discipline. work. divine office (rhythm of life). virtues (obedience, humility, silence)
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worldview questions under monasticism
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God = pure, holy, no corruption, can't be approached by corrupted
World = humans and society are all fallen and corrupted by sin. we know through authority (community, tradition) and experience (God speaks in the quiet). how should we act in response: seek an ascetic life to flee from corruption. follow god, community rules, mandates of abbot |
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Worldview of Christians in roman britain
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God: one vs. many roman gods, transcendent and immanent
World: created good, yet corrupted Humanity: created good, yet fallen. redemption - saved from world we know through scripture, creeds, and sacraments act in response? baptized into christ, submit to authority of church, experience god in sacraments |
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polity
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way you govern yourself
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celtic worldview
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God: polytheistic, deities
World: inhabited by gods. there are sacred objects (trees, rivers, etc) Humanity: controlled by gods Know about god? nature act in reponse to god? magic/rituals/sacrificest |
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three types of monastic communities
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anchorite: by themselves, separated, solitude, no communal living
cenobitic: groups, in community, divine office, romans, follow rule together eremitic: ireland, each person had own beehive hut, lived together but functioned separately, solitude, ate together, alone time, sacrificed comforts, mixed gender |
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three criteria used to determine canonicity
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apolostic - written by apostle or closely linked
cahtolicity - universal to all the church orthodoxy - follows the doctrine and teachings of the church |
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How does the celtic christian tradition differ from the roman christian tradition?
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roman belonged to roman empire, celtic never did. monastic style (cenobitic vs. eremitic). Baptism #of sprinkles (3 vs. 1). romans emphaszied fallen world, celtic emphasized created world
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