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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Louis XV think of enlightenment? Philosophes? What did he do"?
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he did not want to be enlightened, he was openly hostile to the philosophes and ordered their writings censored
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Which two rulers ruled by the principles of enlightened despotism?
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Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia
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Who was Frederick II?
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he was the young Prussian king who invaded Austria in 1740 and began the War of the Austrian Succession.
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Who did Frederick write to?
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Voltaire, he wrote long, flattering letters
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Who did Frederick invite to his palace?(what was it called?) for how long?
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Voltaire, his palace at Potsdam for three years
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What happened between Voltaire and Frederick II?
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Voltaire disliked editing Frederick's mediocre poetry, and Frederick suspected Voltaire of shabby business dealings
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What did Voltaire do that caused Frederick to be angry?
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Voltaire tried to sneak out of Potsdam, but Prussian soldiers captured him; both men were angry and insulted one another
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What were Frederick II's opinions that went against his deeds?
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1. he granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants, but discriminated against Polish and Prussian Jews.
2. He reduced but did not abolish the use of torture 3. He allowed freedom of the press 4. he admitted that serfdom was wrong, but did nothing to end it |
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What did Frederick II call himself?
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"The first servant of the state"
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Who did Catherine the Great of Russia send letters to?
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Voltaire
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Who was Catherine the Great born to?
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she was the daughter of an unimportant German prince
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Who was Catherine sent to marry? How old was she?
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She was sent to marry the Grand Duke Peter at St. Petersburg. She was 15
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Who was the ruler of Russia when Catherine the Great arrived to marry the Grand Duke Peter?
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Peter the Great's daughter, Elizabeth, the Grand Duke Peter was her nephew
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How was the Grand Duke Peter?
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He was mentally unstable. His chief pleasure was playing with toy soldiers. More than once he tormented his own dogs
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How did Catherine seize power?
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She saw Peter the Grand Duke's weakness and cruelty and she decided to seize power. She made important friends among Russia's army officers. In 1762, only months after Peter III became the czar, Catherine had him arrested and confined. Soon, Peter died, probably by murder
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When was Catherine crowned as Catherine II of Russia? How long did she reign?
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in Sept. 1762; 34 years
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What did Catherine II do in 1767? Who was her model? What did she want to do?
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She called a large convention of nobles, free peasants, and townspeople to frame a constitution for Russia.England was her model. She wanted to bring reformation
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What did Catherine II want to stop?
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Capital punishment, end the use of torture, and abolish serfdom.
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What did Catherine II do for Diderot?
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She learned that he needed money, so she wrote to him offering to buy his personal library
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What happened in 1773? Who was the leader? What happened to him?
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a massive uprising of Russian serfs, soldiers, and escaped prisoners burned manor houses and murdered landowners. The leader was Pugachev, who claimed to be the dead Peter III. Catherine's army crushed the rebellion with great brutality. Pugachev was executed(he was brought in an iron cage).
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What happened as a result of the uprising of 1773? What did Catherine II do?
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She dropped her plans for ending serfdom and gave the nobles absolute control over their serfs. (95% of Russia was Serfs)
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Who did Catherine II wage war against?
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the Ottoman turks
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IN 1783, Catherine II won waht from the Turks?
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the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea
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Who feared that Russians might grab the strategic straits leading to the MEditerranean Sea?
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Prussia's Frederick the Great and Austria's Maria Theresa
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What did Frederick propose that the three, Austria, Prussia, and Russia do?
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He proposed that they take chunks of territory from the weak kingdom of Poland.
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What was the First Partition of Poland?
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in 1772, Austria, RUssia, and Prussia each took a generous slice of Poland
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What was the 2nd partition of Poland? Who suggested it?
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1793Catherine II suggested 2nd partition. Russia and Prussia took more land.
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When was the last partition of Poland? What happened?
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1795, all three countries(Austria, Prussia, and Russia) took the rest of Poland. Poland no longer existed and it did not appear again as an indep. country until WWI
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What did the Glorious Revolution of 1688 give England?
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a constitutional monarchy
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When did the kingdoms of England and Scotland join? What was their new name?
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1707; Great Britain
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After 1688, no British monarch could rule without what?
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the consent of Parliament. and Parliament could not rule without the consent of the monarch. Thus there was danger of a stalemate if the crown and Parl. disagreed
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The danger of a stalemate of the crown and Parl. disagreed was solved by what?
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the development of an executive committee called the cabinet.
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The English cabinet did what?
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they acted in the ruler's name but in reality represented the majority party of Parliament
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Under William and Mary what was the cabinet?
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nothing more than a group of monarchs' most influential ministers
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How did the English cabinet members become to be from the majority party?(William III)
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William III needed Parl.'s support; so he decided that his cabinet should belong to the majority party, which was Whig
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Why did William III make his cabinet ministers from the majority party?
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he hoped to assure himself a majority bote in Parl. For the first time, the cabinet members acted as links between the king and the majority in Parliament
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Over the years, one minister began to dominate the cabinet. When did this become clear?
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It became clear during the reign of a new dynasty, the Hanoverians.
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What happened when the last of the Stuart rulers, Queen Anne died?
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the British crown was passed to a distant relative from the little German state of Hanover.
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Who was George I of England?
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He took over when the last of the Stuart rulers(Queen Anne) died. He fwas from Hanover and spoke no English
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George I and his son George II knew how much about English politics? What happened as a result?
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They knew little of English politics, so they both relied heavily on their ministers
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Who was the unofficial ruler of Great Britain? the first "lord of the Treasury"? How long did he rule?
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for 20 years, Sir Robert Walpole
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What did Walpole do?
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he set the basic pattern of British politics in modern times
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In England, the king's cabinet became what(during or after Walpole)
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the center of power and policymaking
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What was the leader of the majority party in Parliament's name?
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the Prime Minister
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IN Walpole's time what percent of the British population had the right to vote?
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only about 5 percent
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In England, during Walpole's time, who were allowed to vote? Who was NOT allowed to vote? Who ran the gov't?
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Voting of limited to men who owned at least 40 shillings' worth of land, no women could vote, the upper classes - town merchants and country nobles - ran the government.
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Who did British policies cater to?
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wealthy merchants and aristocrats
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When the Seven Years' War ended, Great Britain was what?
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it stood as the strongest colonial and naval power in Europe
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What were the most valuable islands to Britain's North American empire?
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Jamaica, St. Kitts, Barbados; these formed the British West Indies. The sugar trade was the major source of British prosperity
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what was the largest part of the British empire? what were the principal exports?
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Canada; fur and timber
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What were the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663? What was the result?
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Britain said to colonists that they could not:
- could not sell their most valuable products to any country except Britain - could not buy French or Dutch goods w/o paying high taxes on themj ----the result was that colonial merchants turned to smuggling--- |
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What was the Stamp Act?
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colonists had to pay a tax to have an official stamp put on wills, deeds, and other legal documents
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Why were the Americans angry?
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they said that they had no representatives and that this violated their natural rights. They rioted against the Stamp Act
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When did Parliament repeal the Stamp act? Why?
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1766; because the protests of American colonists were so fierce
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What was the first Estate? What Priveleges, Rights, and Responsibilities did they have?
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they were 1% of the population. Bishops and Abbots made up the upper clergy.
Privileges: did not pay taxes, tithe Responsibilities: lower clergy carried out religious duties, ran schools |
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What was the 2nd estate?Privileges, RIghts, and Responsibilities?
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2% of the populations; Nobllity. Privileges: owned 25% of land, held high posts in govt, and military collected feudal dues from peasants
Rights: inherited lavish homes Responsibilities: maintained estates |
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What was the 3rd estate?
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Peasants, Artisans, middle class, it is the largest group.
They had no privileges, rights Responsibilites: maintained crops, shops, etc. |
