Construction Documents- Exam 2

Front 1

Purpose of Light Frame Roof Systems

Back 1

1-Shelter
2-Lighting
3-Carry Loads

Front 2

Roof Slope

Back 2

a)Pitch=slope, Rise=Vertical, Run=Horizontal
b)Low: 3:12
c)8-10:12
d)Rise to Run- 4:12= 4 in. in 1ft
e)Never have a completely flat roof

Front 3

Light Frame Roof- Structural Systems

Back 3

1) Truss Systems
2) Rafter Systems

Front 4

Truss Systems

Back 4

i.Pre-engineered wood
ii.Triangular formation distributes loads
iii.Spaced 24” on center
iv.Cost effective trusses when repeating same one
v.Laterally braced
vi.Connected with nails, metal connectors

Front 5

Rafter Systems

Back 5

i.Common system
ii.Individual rafters span from wall top plate to ridge beam
iii.Flexible-can be made on site
iv.Ridge beam forms juncture where rafters meet
v.Repetitive members
vi.Spaced 16” or 24” on center
vii.Individually cut and placed into system

Front 6

Roof/Ceiling Relationship

Back 6

a.Trusses
i.Span exterior walls
ii.Used in platform frame building=speed, inexpensive, long spans
iii.Accommodate ceiling shapes
iv.Bottom chord-ceiling framing, Top chord-roof framing
b.Rafters
i.Separate ceiling joist system

Front 7

Elements of a Roof System

Back 7

1- Plenum
2-Trusses
3-Rafters
4-Ridge Beam
5-Purlin
6-Collar Ties
7-Ceiling Tiles
8-Lateral Bracing
9-Eave
10-Rake
11-Ridge
12- Valley
13-Fascia
14-Surfaces
15-Soffits
16-Dormer

Front 8

Plenum Space

Back 8

Used to run systems

Front 9

Trusses

Back 9

i.Different types to accommodate design intention
1.King Post Trusses
2.Flat Bottom Trusses
3.Scissor Trusses-vaulted ceilings
4.Fink Trusses

Front 10

King Post Truss

Back 10

Front 11

Scissor Trusses

Back 11

used with vaulted ceilings

Front 12

Fink Trusses

Back 12

Front 13

Flat Bottom Trusses

Back 13

Front 14

Rafter

Back 14

i.Parallel members in a sloping roof
ii.Spaced evenly to form roof structure
iii.Dimensional lumber/ engineered products
iv.Span of rafters is horizontal distance between walls

Front 15

Ridge Beam

Back 15

i.At ridge of roof with rafters at each side
ii.Rafters nailed into ridge beam directly opposite

Front 16

Purlin

Back 16

i.Horizontal Member supports several rafters
ii.Supported by frame of structure

Front 17

Collar Ties

Back 17

Tie rafters opposite each other together

Front 18

Ceiling Joists

Back 18

i.Used with flat ceilings
ii.Span from exterior wall to load bearing interior wall

Front 19

Lateral Bracing

Back 19

i.Provides stability
ii.Dimensional Lumber: 2x4s

Front 20

Eave

Back 20

Level low edge connection between roof and wall

Front 21

Rake

Back 21

i.Sloped edge connection between roof and wall
ii.Used with shed and gable

Front 22

Ridge

Back 22

Two parts of roof come up to meet

Level intersection of roof planes at their highest point

Front 23

Valley

Back 23

Sloping Intersection of two roof planes at angular form Water drains towards valley
Hip: water drains away

Front 24

Fascia

Back 24

Trim board at eave of roof

Front 25

Surfaces

Back 25

Roof sheathing: ½” or 5/8” plywood or OSB, nailed
Felt: Applied over sheathing, rolled material applied horizontally
Finish Material: shingles, shakes, etc.

Front 26

Soffits

Back 26

Underside of overhang
Sloped or flat, finished many ways
Ventilation
Finished with fascia

Front 27

Dormer

Back 27

A small roof with supporting walls built within a larger roof plane

Shed dormer, hip dormer, gable dormer

Front 28

Connection to Adjacent Framing

Back 28

At Double top plate
i.Birds Mouth: notch in rafter to attach rafter to double top plate
ii.Toe Nailed: nailed into top plate
iii.Metal Plates: rafter strip attached with nails required for areas subject to wind

At Framed Openings
i.Truss: doubled truss at any opening with header at top (skylight)

Front 29

Additions to Roof

Back 29

Dormer Window
i.Exterior Appearance
ii.Allows light
iii.Interior Space- not much

Front 30

Recycled, Sustainable, Reusable

Back 30

a.Engineered truss system-minimizes waste
b.Waste and optimization of products
c.Consider sheathing and exterior roof covering

Front 31

Sheathing Types

Back 31

a.Usually plywood or OSB
b.When roofing requires ventilation from underside, space boards are used
c.Higher grade used if underside of sheathing at ridge or eave is visible
d.Solid, open-boards spaced apart
e.Tongue and Groove: used with exposed ceiling applications

Front 32

Flashing: Metal in rolls

Back 32

a.Makes roof watertight: valleys of roof and windows
b.Coordinated with material: overlap
c.Fasteners: nailed, cleat

Front 33

Insulation and Ventilation

Back 33

Ceiling insulation
i.Fiberglass batts between ceiling joists
ii.Loose fill blown into place
Roof Insulation
i.Fiberglass batts
ii.Rigid insulation
Other Considerations
i.Dropped ceiling, vaulted ceiling
Ventilation
i.Intake vents: near soffit, fascia screened
ii.Exhaust vents: remove excess moisture, various places

Front 34

Types of Roofs

Back 34

Low Slope Roof
Flat Roofs
Roll Roofs
Metal Roofs

Front 35

Low Slope Roof

Back 35

i.Pitch: lower than 4:12
ii.Water: never want standing water
iii.Components
iv.Membranes
v.Built up: different layers
vi.Single Ply
vii.Fluid Applied
viii.Roof Deck
ix.Thermal Insulation
x.Vapor Retarder
xi.Drainage

Front 36

Flat Roof

Back 36

i.Must slope to drain water
ii.Types:
1.Built up roof-asphalt impregnated material
2.Single Ply Roof
3.Liquid Applied Roof

Front 37

Roll Roof

Back 37

inexpensive, same material as asphalt shingles

Single coverage, double coverage

Front 38

Metal Roof

Back 38

i.Galvanized steel or aluminum
ii.Lightweight, long-lasting, 40 to 60 years
iii.Standing seam- sheets of metal crimped
iv.Panel roofing-preformed

Front 39

Composite Asphalt Shingles

Back 39

a.Most common
b.Inexpensive, waterproof, lightweight
c.Easily cut, bent
d.Asphalt impregnated felt, fiberglass
e.15 to 25 years

Front 40

Wood Shingles

Back 40

a.Lost dominance to asphalt
b.Thin tapered slabs of wood nailed to open sheathing
c.Moderately expensive

Front 41

Wood Shakes

Back 41

a.Rustic look, durable, more expensive
b.Split from wood, thicker, irregular face
c.Underlayment between courses

Front 42

Clay Tiles

Back 42

Heavy, durable, resistant to fire, long lasting 50-75 years

Front 43

Concrete Tiles

Back 43

High Density Concrete

Front 44

Slate Tiles

Back 44

Fire resistant, long lasting roof

Front 45

Purpose of Doors

Back 45

a.Separate spaces from each other
b.Security, identity, motion (circulation)
c.Design intention: door detail, language

Front 46

Considerations when selecting doors

Back 46

a.Proposed use and location: durability
b.Desired appearance: materiality, width, swings
c.Required fire rating
d.Cost

Front 47

Sizes of Doors

Back 47

Residential
i.Width: 2’6”, 2’8”, 2’10”, 3’
ii.Height: 6’8”
Commercial
i.Width: 3’0”
ii.Height: 6’8”, 7’0”, 8’0”

Main Difference is height

Codes: minimum allowable sizes for egress and accessibility

2 ways out of egress- swing out

Smaller doors must be more durable (moving furniture)

Front 48

Types of Doors

Back 48

Flush Door

Panel Door

Front 49

Flush Door

Back 49

i.No panels or subtractions/additions to door surface, flat like appearance
ii.Solid or hollow core wood

Front 50

Panel Door

Back 50

Series of stiles or rails create individual panels

Front 51

Residential Door Materials

Back 51

Wood: interior

Insulated Steel or Fiberglass: exterior
1.More weather resistance and thermal barrier

Front 52

Commercial Door Materials

Back 52

Wood, metal, glass, aluminum framed, plastic laminate

1.Plastic laminate is easy to clean, durable, resists chemicals

Front 53

Wood Doors

Back 53

pre hung
solid core
hollow core
steel/hollow metal doors
frameless/framed glass door

Front 54

Pre Hung Wooden Doors

Back 54

i.Part of a kit including door, hinge, hardware, frame
ii.Door assembly placed in rough opening
iii.Trim
iv.Latch and lock
v.Solid wood blocking at various points-door handle
vi.Honeycomb cardboard in middle, veneer wood on top

Front 55

Solid Core Wooden Doors

Back 55

i.Core can be staved wood, particle board, mineral board core
1.Mineral board: best fire rating
ii.Solid wood core, wood veneer glued together
iii.Types linked to fire code

Front 56

Hollow Core Wooden Doors

Back 56

i.Core of lightweight honeycombed cardboard or thin wood

ii.Blocking around perimeter and hardware

iii.Flush profile

iv.Cheapest, not used for fire separation, acoustical barrier

Front 57

Steel/Hollow Metal Doors

Back 57

i.Commercial settings

ii.Steel sheet surrounds hollow core

iii.Steel stiffeners to attach metal face

Front 58

Frameless/Framed Glass Door

Back 58

i.Visibility and light

ii.Tempered glass

iii.Use metal in strategic places

iv.Limit glass use in fire areas

Front 59

Types of Doors

Back 59

1) Pocket
2) Bypass
3) Surface
4) Folding
5) Bi-Fold
6) Overhead

Front 60

Pocket Doors

Back 60

i.Slide into center of wall
ii.Roller mechanism, tracks
iii.Pros: Flexibility
iv.Cons: not good acoustics, can be hard to move sometimes

Front 61

Bypass Doors

Back 61

i.One half of opening available, closets
ii.Roller mechanism, can access only half at a time

Front 62

Surface Doors

Back 62

i.Store door when open and not open
ii.Sliding doors, commercial use: design statement
iii.Track system, barn doors, surface mounted

Front 63

Folding Doors

Back 63

i.Used to separate rooms or closet spaces
ii.Retail spaces, shopping mall

Front 64

Bi-fold Doors

Back 64

i.Entire opening may be opened up, full access

Front 65

Overhead Floors

Back 65

i.Horizontal panels, tracks
ii.Door slides up (garage, ticket booths)
iii.Used when there’s not a lot of room horizontally but more room vertically

Front 66

Considerations for Selecting Doors

Back 66

a.Position: closed, open, flexible
b.Impression visually: quality and aesthetic
c.Durability and frequency of use
d.Fire resistance: glazing allowed?
e.Acoustic performace

Front 67

Fire Resistance and Glazing

Back 67

a.No glazing= 3 hours
b.100 in2 glazing= 1.5 hours
c.1296 in2 glazing= ¾ hour
d.720 in2 glazing= ¾ hour

*Only certain amounts of glazing allowed in egress doors

Front 68

Door Frame Parts

Back 68

1) Transom
2) Head
3) Jambs
4) Sill or Rough Threshold
5) Rough Opening

Front 69

Transom

Back 69

Glazed opening above

Front 70

Head

Back 70

Uppermost horizontal portion

Front 71

Jambs

Back 71

side of frame

Front 72

Sill or Rough Threshold

Back 72

Bottom of Frame

Front 73

Rough Opening

Back 73

make opening larger in case of mistakes

Front 74

Considerations for Door Frames

Back 74

a.Fire rating required
b.Size, material, thickness of door
c.Construction of wall
d.Security- materiality, anchorage system
e.Location- moisture chemicals
f.New/existing door

Front 75

Door Frame Material

Back 75

wood
hollow metal
aluminum

Front 76

Wood Door Frame

Back 76

i.Residential and commercial: light frame construction
ii.Frames= 3/4” thick
iii.Match wall thickness: drywall and finish material
iv.Solid finish wood or particle board with veneer
v.Can accept finish

Front 77

Hollow Metal Door Frame

Back 77

i.Constructed of sheet steel
ii.Different thicknesses= gauges, higher gauge=thinner material
iii.Sizes and profile: slightly rounded corners
1.Standard heavy- fire resistance
iv.Attached to jamb securely
v.Finish

Front 78

Aluminum Door Frame

Back 78

i.Created by extrusion: molten metal through form work
ii.Corners can be very sharp- 90 degrees
iii.Standard profile
iv.Anodized or baked enamel finish
v.Think about what’s placed near to avoid corrosion

Front 79

Hardware Selection

Back 79

i.Function, color & style, operating characteristics (shape, color, finish), restraints, security
ii.Communication of hardware: door schedule, elevation drawings, specs

Front 80

Harware Operation

Back 80

i.Hinges
1.At least 2 hinges, maybe 3 if larger
2.Depends on weight and frequency of use
ii.Pivots
1.Allow door to swing wider
2.Stronger than hinges
3.Installed at top and bottom
iii.Closers
1.Pushes door closed automatically

Front 81

Hardware Control

Back 81

i.Latches: keeps door in closed condition
ii.Strike
1. located on jamb/astragal
2.Location for bolt to engage to jamb
iii.Locking devices: can be integral or separate

Front 82

Panic Hardware

Back 82

i.Bars to push open door
ii.Used with large numbers of people
iii.Pressure on bar

Front 83

Door Knobs

Back 83

Many Shapes, qualities, finishes

Front 84

Lever Handles

Back 84

require minimal action to operate

Front 85

Kick Plates

Back 85

durable, increase life, protect lower portion of door (rubber, metal)

Front 86

Acoustical Seal

Back 86

Sound control- top, bottom, edges

Front 87

Door Stops

Back 87

used when door must remain open

Front 88

Bumpers

Back 88

prevent damage, used in healthcare

Front 89

Barrier Free Design

Back 89

i.Allow person with mobility aids to operate door, latch maneuver
ii.Door handle- lever
iii.Hardware easy to use

Front 90

Window uses

Back 90

i.Walls as windows or curtain walls
ii.Skylights
iii.Doors and side lights

Front 91

Window Characteristics

Back 91

i.Panes or sheets of glass inserted
ii.Windows, entire glazed unit: glass, frame, hardware
iii.Curtain walls, exterior walls metal framing with glass

Front 92

Window Selection

Back 92

i.Allow light to enter, how much
ii.View of what
iii.Interior/ exterior connection
iv.Thermal comfort
v.Visual and acoustical privacy
vi.Security
vii.Code considerations

Front 93

Window Types

Back 93

1) Float Glass
2) Plate Glass
3) Tempered
4) Laminated Glass
5) Insulated
6) Wired Glass
7) Glass Block

Front 94

Float Glass

Back 94

1.Most common, many types
2.Need to polish or grind

Front 95

Plate Glass

Back 95

1.Traditionally used
2.Polished to keep quality

Front 96

Tempered

Back 96

1.Breaks into small cubicle/ rounded pieces
2.4x stronger- made through reheating process

Front 97

Laminated Glass

Back 97

1.2 or more layers laminated
2.Bonding occurs with a film
3.Higher impact strength

Front 98

Insulated

Back 98

1.2 or more sheets separated by air space
2.Thermal performance- higher r value

Front 99

Wired Glass

Back 99

1.Wire mesh embedded in center
2.Fire rated assemblies

Front 100

Glass Block

Back 100

1.Masonry, light and some view
2.Installed with mortar or silicone
3.Units stacked

Front 101

Types of Windows

Back 101

Operable Windows
casement windows
horizontal sliding windows
single hung
double hung
awning

Front 102

Operable Windows

Back 102

1.Consider ventilation
2.Types: single/ double hung casement, awning and horizontal siding

Front 103

Casement Windows

Back 103

1.Crank for opening, pivot out
2.Consider walking path

Front 104

Horizontal Sliding Windows

Back 104

1.2 slashes sliding
2.Open to nearly half of width

Front 105

Single Hung Windows

Back 105

1.2 sashes, 1 fixed, 1 operable
2.Operate vertically

Front 106

Double Hung Windows

Back 106

1.Both sashes move
2.Opening at top and bottom
3.More expensive and flexible

Front 107

Awning Windows

Back 107

1.Pivot horizontally
2.Can be opened in rain

Front 108

Window Materials

Back 108

i.Wood: primed and ready for paint, vinyl/ aluminum wrap attaches to

ii.Aluminum:
1.residential and commercial, lightweight material
2.transfers hot and cold
3.create thermal break

iii.Vinyl Window
1.Residential windows
2.Cost savings
3.Exterior siding and window

Front 109

Cabinetry and Casework

Back 109

Fixed elements of a building
Purpose: storage, display

Front 110

Casework Uses

Back 110

a.Residential: kitchen, bathroom, built ins in bedroom
b.Commercial: conference room, reception, work room, desks
c.Structure we can shape space with

Front 111

Decisions about Casework

Back 111

a.Visual properties: design concept
b.Functionality: users need, uses
c.Materials and construction
d.Budget
e.Maintenance and durability: cleaning, how often used
f.Accessories: doors, hinges

Front 112

Construction Categories

Back 112

a.Millwork Shop: custom made off site
b.Manufactured units: mass-produced, pre-built and brought to site
c.Site Built Creations: constructed on site

Front 113

Face Frame Cabinet

Back 113

a.Body created and finished, face frame applied
b.Pieces can be switched
c.Oldest application
d.Comes with frame, insert entities into
e.Design flexibility, punched openings

Front 114

Frameless "European Style"

Back 114

a.Clean flush appearance
b.Don’t see panels
c.Whole unit constructed
d.More expensive
e.Laminate finish

Front 115

Types of Cabinet Doors

Back 115

a.Flush overlay: doors stick out, least expensive, irregularities
b.Flush: center doors on frame
c.Lip: rabbeted edges

Front 116

Typical Residential Dimensions

Back 116

1.Lower: 36” high, 24” deep
2.Upper: 12” deep
3.Bath Vanities: 30” high, 20” deep

Front 117

Typical Commercial Dimensions

Back 117

1.Base: 24”-30” deep by 36” height
2.Work Counter 30” high
3.Wall cabinet: 12”- 18” deep
4.Widths in 3” increments

Front 118

Typical Dimensions/Standards

Back 118

iii.3.5” toekick

iv.Must have break between cabinet and ceiling: 2’ +

v.Slant above cabinet in healthcare to reduce dust and hoarding

vi.Never put 10’ of cabinets in 10’ room because of irregularities
1.Use filler strips

Front 119

Casework Visible Materials

Back 119

hardwood and softwoods: most expensive
ii.Solids and veneers
iii.Glass, metal, stone

Front 120

Casework Hidden Materials

Back 120

i.Particle board, MDF- cheaper to construct

Front 121

Casework Surface Materials

Back 121

i.Plastic laminate
ii.Solid surface material (corrian-fake, more durable)

Front 122

Hardware Characteristics of Guides

Back 122

i.Capacity- strong enough and durable
ii.Extension-80% drawer comes out
iii.Side Mount: medium to heavy duty, full extension
iv.Bottom Mount: light duty

Front 123

Hardware Types

Back 123

Heavy duty guides: 50 lbs. and up
ii.Full extension Guides: file drawers
iii.Light duty guides: 25-30 lbs., concealed guides, residential

Front 124

Hardware Shelves

Back 124

i.Adjustable: peg-like system
ii.Fixed shelves
iii.Made of: solid wood, panel products, glass (consider weight)
iv.Hinges: 2 per cabinet, more when larger

Front 125

Millwork/Architectural Woodwork

Back 125

a.Characteristics:
i.Custom designed
ii.Built in millwork shop: controlled environment
iii.Installed by same company: finish carpenters
1.Distinguishes from pre-made
iv.High quality

b.Installation
i.Wood blocking behind walls or outside: top and bottom
ii.Verify to make sure it fits
iii.Counter tops installed by millwork shop

Front 126

Manufactured

Back 126

a.Characteristics:
i.Available in lumber yards, home stores
ii.Standard sizes, pieces, trims
iii.Filler strips to adjust (3” increments)
iv.Less expensive

b.Standards of Quality: varied, different grades, cost varies

c.Installation
i.3” screws into nailing strip (sheet metal can be used as well)
ii.Shims
iii.Process: upper cabinets, base, countertops

Front 127

Finished Carpentry

Back 127

a.Characteristics:
i.Doors, casings, finish of stairs, openings with trim, base trim
ii.Manufactured cabinetry on site
iii.Skilled worker or carpenter

b.Installation:
i.Cut and assembled on site
ii.Uncontrolled environment but better precision

Front 128

Standards of Construction

Back 128

a.Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI)
i.3 grades
1.Premium: high quality
2.Custom: conventional, medium control
3.Economy: minimum expectations for material & installation
a.Not in public view
ii.Standards and guidelines to ensure quality
iii.Specifications relay joinery, materials, finishes, tolerances, species, profiles, high pressure decoration

Front 129

Countertop Characteristics

Back 129

i.Part of cabinet and covered with material
ii.Set into place with stretchers, base installed
iii.Purchased as slabs, cut to correct length

Front 130

Countertop Materials

Back 130

i.Stone: granite, limestone, etc.
ii.Solid Surface: more durable, scratch resistant, common, composite material, resistant to heat
iii.Plastic Laminate: most economic

Front 131

Countertop Edges

Back 131

i.Self-edge: countertop returns on itself to make edge
ii.Wood, exposed, radius, chamfer
iii.Bullnose: rounded corner

Front 132

Countertop Splashes

Back 132

i.Used in any wet area to prevent moisture between wall and casework unit
ii.Ceramic tile, plastic laminate, stone
iii.4” high