Conservation Biology Ch. Three

Front 1

(True/False) Wetlands don't need to be protected because they are useless to humans. They have very little economic value.

Back 1

False

Front 2

For the use of the many state and federal agencies involved in wetland protection, a classification system was developed in 1979 by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of a wetland?

Back 2

The area is deeper than 2 meters.

Front 3

The _______ has distinct characteristics of soil, vegetation, and hydrology that form a transitional zone between the aquatic environment of a river or stream and the upland habitats. It's width varies from a few feet to several miles.

Back 3

Riparian zone

Front 4

__________ swamps are forested wetlands. Salt-tolerant shrubs and trees are dominant vegetation types. The majority are located in southern Florida and Puerto Rico.

Back 4

Mangrove

Front 5

_________ are characterized by woody vegetation such as tulepo, gum, and cypress trees. Freshwater marshes are characterized by water-tolerant non-woody vegetation known as hydrophytes.

Back 5

Freshwater swamps

Front 6

(True/False) Wetland are able to purify water by removing sediment, inorganic and organic nutrients, and some toxic materials from surface waters.

Back 6

True

Front 7

Reelfoot Lake, TN was formed by what natural lake- forming event?

Back 7

New Madrid, MO earthquake in 1811-12

Front 8

A lake can be divided into three zones based on biological productivity. The most productive zone is the _______ zone.

Back 8

Shallow ( littoral)

Front 9

__________ activity by the primary producers that produces dissolved oxygen occurs in a lake in the shallow and open water zones.

Back 9

Photosynthetic

Front 10

In the temperature latitudes, the Midwest for example, seasonal temperature changes cause seasonal turnovers of a body of water creating vertical currents that bring ________ that have been recycled from dead plant and animal tissue by decomposers on the bottom, to the upper portions of the pond or lake.

Back 10

Nutrients

Front 11

___________ channels develop in the lower portion of a stream's watershed when sediment being carried during heavy runoff is deposited, forming islands in the section with the lowest gradient (slope).

Back 11

Braided

Front 12

The natural tend and for a river or stream is to ________ as it flows downstream if the channel is not disturbed.

Back 12

Meander

Front 13

(True/False) Streams are open ecosystems. So, a lot of the organic material that contains nutrients used by stream organisms has to come from outside the stream channel itself.

Back 13

True

Front 14

The energy if water flowing down a stream shapes its channel, over time, into the variety of straight sections and bends that form the pool/riffle arrangement of the stream. The _______ are areas of high water velocity that produces a high concentration of dissolved oxygen required by certain aquatic species.

Back 14

Riffles

Front 15

In the floodplain at he lower end of a river's watershed, before it enters a larger river or lake, _______ are found. Inorganic and organic sediment from the entire watershed accumulates in this area over time.

Back 15

Rich soils

Front 16

(True/False) The riparian zone of a stream or river is just the 200-foot corridor of trees next to the river.

Back 16

False

Front 17

The large woody debris that forms logjams and snags in rivers is a nuisance to humans, but is _________ to the many species that are the base of the aquatic detritus food web.

Back 17

A source of nutrients, especially carbon

Front 18

__________ areas are locations where sand dunes and beaches are found. These areas have an available supply of sand, strong regular wind, tidal fluctuations, and material carried from inland sources.

Back 18

Erosional and depositional

Front 19

The coastline of the western U.S. has sections lined with steep, rocky cliffs. These rocky cliffs characteristic of the West Coast are present because the coastline material is mostly _______.

Back 19

Resistant to erosive forces of wind and waves

Front 20

_________ are a coastline feature that consists of accumulated limestone skeletons of aquatic species and algae. The world's largest one, off the northeast coast of Australia, has been called the aquatic equivalent of the trophic rain forest biome because of its high species diversity.

Back 20

Coral reefs

Front 21

(True/False) An estuary where a large river enters the ocean is second only to a coral reef in productivity because of its high levels of dissolved nutrients and dissolved oxygen.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Estuaries are very valuable to humans because of their contribution to commercial and recreational fishing. Which statement is NOT true about an estuary?

Back 22

Estuaries are home to only a few species that swim slowly and are easy to harvest. (Remember this is false)

Front 23

Similar to a freshwater lake, in the ocean ecosystem, the most productive area is the _________ zone where photosynthesis is able to occur. Rooted aquatic plants and phytoplankton are both found there.

Back 23

Shallow water

Front 24

(True/False) Oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface. The open water zone of the ocean ecosystem, unlike the freshwater lakes, has the most total energy available in biomass (organic material) because of its size.

Back 24

True

Front 25

As the human population grows, the oceans are being looked at as a valuable source of _______ for the future.

Back 25

Protein

Front 26

The abyssal zone, or zone of total darkness of the ocean extends from the zone of semi-darkness to the bottom. Life is sparse there with the only species able to tolerate the conditions of low dissolved oxygen, ________, and a scarcity of food being able to inhabit it.

Back 26

Extreme cold AND intense water pressure

Front 27

(True/False) Sandy dunes and beaches make very desirable habitat for many plant species because of their high levels of nutrients, ability to hold water for long periods, and extreme stability.

Back 27

False

Front 28

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires a private landowner or public agency to first obtain a "404 Permit" from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prior to placing any fill _________ of a lake, river, or stream.

Back 28

Below the ordinary high water mark

Front 29

_________ are found primarily along the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast of the U.S. They are formed by waves, wind, and currents, and are composed mostly of sand. They run parallel to the shoreline and constantly change size and shape. Humans consider them prime real estate for home construction and recreation.

Back 29

Barrier Islands

Front 30

(True/False) Human-built levees stand between the rich soils of a river's floodplain and the river. They are very beneficial to the floodplain by protecting the species that inhabit it from floodwaters, and to the river by preventing the nutrients in the floodplain soils from entering the river.

Back 30

False

Front 31

Stream channelization was once thought to be beneficial by shortening the stream's channel, allowing crop fields to drain faster and allowing more land to be available for agriculture, benefiting landowners. In reality it, _______, allowing the energy of the flowing water to increase, creating more erosion and premature deepening of the channel.

Back 31

Increases the gradient, or slope of the river

Front 32

How do fish and other aquatic organisms stay for several months beneath the ice on a lake or river?

Back 32

Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen, and phytoplankton and other plants are carrying on photosynthesis as long as the sun can penetrate the snow and ice layer on the body of water.

Front 33

Diving into a lake or pond in the Midwest during the summer often causes the diver to experience a cold area as he or she goes deeper. What causes this?

Back 33

The diver has entered the thermocline, a layer of water at the lower edge of sunlight penetration that drops quickly in temperature, often several degrees a foot.