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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
Record average of electrical patterns within different portions of brain during sleep or study unusual brain activities Waking sleep: beta, alpha, theta, delta (BAT-D) 5th= REM |
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Beta Waves |
Have frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to mental task that requires concentration Random firing of neurons- awake have cortisol |
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Alpha Waves |
Awake but relaxing with eyes closed and are a little bit slower than beta waves but more synchronized |
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Theta Waves |
As soon as you doze off and enter Stage 1 irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and higher voltage- sleep melatonin |
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Stages of Sleep: NREM |
1. Theta Waves 2. Sleep spindles and K complex 3/4. Slow-wave sleep - only a few waves per second are seen--> Delta Waves-- cognitive recovery and memory consolidation and GH release |
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Delta Waves |
Low Frequency High Voltage During hard to wake up sleep
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REM Sleep |
Paradoxical Sleep EEG appears wakefulness but we are still sleeping |
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Activation-Synthesis Theory |
Theory that says dream are caused by widespread random activation of neural circuitry (mimics incoming sensory info) |
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Problem Solving Dream Theory |
Theory that says dream are a way to solve problems by ignoring obstacle from the real world |
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Cognitive Process Dream Theory |
Dreams are sleeping counter-part of stream-of- consciousness |
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Neurocognitive Models of Dreaming |
Unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes |
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Dyssomnias |
Disorders that makes it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep Insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea |
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Parasomnias |
Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep Night terrors and sleep walking |
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Narcolepsy |
Condition characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep Symptoms: 1. Cataplexy- loss of muscle control and intrusion of REM while awake 2. Sleep paralysis- unable to move but awake 3. Hypnagogic + Hypnopompic Hallucinations |
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Depressants |
Reduce neuro activity-> relaxation and reduce anxiety 1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturates |
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Alcohol |
1. incr. GABA receptor (Cl- Channel--> hyperpolarization--> diminish arousal) 2. Incr Dopamine (mild euphoria) 3. Alcohol Myopia- inability to recognize consequence of actions- short sided view of world |
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Barbiturates |
Anxiety-reducing (anxiolytic) and sleep (drugs end in barbital)---- replaced by benzodiazepines (drugs end in zepam) Incr GABA |
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Stimulants |
Increase arousal in nervous system by increasing frequency of action potential 1. Amphetamines 2. Cocaine 3. Ectasy |
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Amphetamines |
Incr release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and seratonin at synapse and reducing reuptake |
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Opiates and Opioids |
Opiates- natural- morphine and codeine Opioid- semi synthetic - oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin Binds to opioid receptors in peripheral and cns to decr pain and sense of euphoria |
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Hallucinogens |
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)- shrooms unknown how it work but has to do with seratonin Cause distortion of reality and fantasy, enhances sensory experiences, and introspection |
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Marijuana |
Cannabis sativa and cannabis indica Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) acts at cannabinoid, glycine, and opioid receptors Incr GABA and dopamine |
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Drug Addiction |
Mesolimbic (reward) pathway- 1/4 dopaminergic pathways- + reinforcement of drug use 1. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) 2. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) 3. Medial Forbrain Bundle (MFB)
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Selective attention |
Paying attention to one part of sensorium and ignoring other stimuli (but not lost- cocktail party phenomenon) |
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Divided Attention |
Ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time- automatic processing |
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Five components of Language |
1. Phonology- sound 2. Morphology- structure of word 3. Semantics- associate of meaning w/ word 4. Syntax- word in sentence 5. Pragmatics - dependence on context and prexisting knowledge |
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Phonemes, morphemes, prosody |
1. Speech sounds ~ 40 in English 2. word building blocks ie re-design-ed 3. the rhythm, cadence, and inflection of voices |
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Timeline of language acquisition |
* 9-12 months: babbling *12-18 months: 1 word/month * 18-20 months: "explosion of language" and combining of words *2-3 years: 3+ word in sentence * 5 years: Language rules largely mastered |
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Nativist (Bio) Theory |
Noam Chomsky- innate capacity for language by seeing how children can effortless make syntactic transformations Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - theoretical pathway in brain to absorb language rules
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Critical + sensitive period |
1. Chomsky -2- puberty for language acquisition 2. Sensitive Period- environment has max effect on development of ability
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Learning (Behavorist) Theory |
BF Skinner operant conditioning for language acquisition- beginning understand all phonemes but at 6 months phonemes by parents - reinforncement - can't explain explosion of words |
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Social Interactionist Theory |
Language Development focuses on interplay between bio and social processes Interact with others to reinforce certain brain circuits and de-emphasized others |
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Whorfian Hypothesis aka linguistic relativity hypothesis |
Benjamin Whorf - our perception of reality is determined by content of language- language effect the way we think - more expansive language more enhanced communication |
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Broca's area |
Inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe motors the function of speech via connection with motor cortex- left hemisphere Speech production |
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Wernicke's Area |
Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension- left hemisphere |
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Arcuate Fasciculus |
Bundle of axons connecting Broca and Wernicke's area for appropriate association between language |
