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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consciousness |
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Cognitive Neuroscience |
The study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes |
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Dual Processing |
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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Blindsight |
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
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Parallel Processing |
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions |
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Selective Attention |
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. (Works the other way around to produce selective inattention) |
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Inattentional Blindness |
Why we don't perceive some things when we are distracted by others |
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Change Blindness |
When we fail to notice a relatively unimportant change in our environment |
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Circadian Rhythm |
- The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle - Age and experience can alter circadian rhythm - Body temperature rises in the morning, peaks during the day, and then descends in the evening |
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REM Sleep |
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep - REM stages become more frequent as a sleeping person gets closer to waking - Features dreams |
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Supachiasmatic Nucleus |
- A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm - In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness |
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NREM-1 |
- Features hallucinations - Lasts for about 10 minutes |
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NREM-2 |
- Rapid rhythmic brain wave activity - Lasts around 20 minutes |
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NREM-3 |
- Deep sleep - Lasts around 30 minutes - These periods decrease in duration and eventually taper off later into the sleep - Hard to awaken a person in NREM-3 |
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Insomnia |
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Narcolepsy |
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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Sleep Apnea |
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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Night Terrors |
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of sleep and are seldom remembered |
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Manifest Content |
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
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Latent Content |
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
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REM Rebound |
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakening during REM sleep) |
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Substance Use Disorder |
Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk |
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Psychoactive Drug |
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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Depressants |
- e.g., alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates - Calm neural activity and slow bodily functions |
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Neuroadaptation |
- The process whereby the body compensates for the presence of a chemical in the body so that tit can continue to function normally - Leads to tolerance and dependence in the case of drugs and alcohol |
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Alcohol Use Disorder |
- Popularly known as alcoholism - Alcohol use make by tolerance |
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Barbiturates |
- Tranquilizers - Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
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Opiates |
- Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin - Depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety - With repeated exposure to opiates, the brain produces fewer of its own opiates (endorphins) |
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Stimulants |
- e.g., caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine - Excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions |
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Hallucinogens |
- e.g., LSD - Psychedelic ("Mind Manifesting") drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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Behaviour Genetics |
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour |
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Waking Beta |
An alert state of consciousness |
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Waking Alpha |
A relaxed state of consciousness |
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Why do we sleep? |
1) Sleep protects - humans are kept inside, out of darkness and harm's way 2) Sleep helps us recuperate - it restores immune system, repairs brain tissue, and toxic metabolic waste products are cleared away 3) Sleep feeds creative thinking 4) Sleep supports growth - during deep sleep a growth hormone necessary for muscle development is released |
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Why do we dream? |
1) To make sense of neural static 2) Cognitive development 3) To file away memories 4) To develop and preserve neural pathways |
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What effect does alcohol have on consciousness? |
- Slows sympathetic nervous system activity - Sedative when paired with sleep deprivation - Disrupts memory - Suppresses REM sleep |
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How does cocaine affect consciousness? |
Creates rush of euphoria hat depletes the brain's supply of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine |
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How does methamphetamine affect consciousness? |
- Parent drug = amphetamine - Triggers release of dopamine |
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How does Ecstasy affect consciousness? |
- Triggers dopamine release, releases stored serotonin, and blocks its repute - Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen - Short term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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What are some influences on drug use? |
1) Biological Influences: predisposition to alcohol use disorder can be hereditary or genetically influenced 2) Psychological or Social-Cultural Influences: - Coping method for dealing with anger, depression, anxiety, or insomnia - Attempts to imitate celebrities, to project an image, to handle stress, or to fit in socially - Drug use varies across cultural and ethnic groups - Peer pressure (or lack of): we can select friends with similar interest |
