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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a common associated defect with a VSD? |
Pulmonic stenosis |
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What is a common associated defect with sinus spinosis atrial septal defects? |
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return |
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What is a common associated defect with Ebstein's anomaly? |
Secundum asd's |
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What is a common associative defect with a bicuspid aortic valve? |
Coarctation of the aorta |
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What is the most common congenital cause of AI? |
Bicuspid aortic valve |
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What effect does an ASD have on cardiac chambers? |
- L-R shunt causes *Right atrial and ventricular diastolic volume to increase *Pulmonary blood flow to increase *RV dilatation from volume overload *Paradoxical motion or septal flattening in the psax *LV rarely affected |
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What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly? |
VSD (20-30% of all defects) Bicuspid AV (1-2% of population) *Considered a normal variant unless stenotic |
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Which is the most prevalent cyanotic congenital cardiac lesion? |
TOF Tetralogy of Fallot |
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What are the three possible deformities involved in an atrioventricular septal defect? |
-primum ASD -vsd -cleft mitral valve |
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What type of patients are high risk for having an atrioventricular septal defect? |
Downs syndrome (Trisomy 21) |
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What congenital cardiac lesion is commonly associated with pulmonic stenosis? |
VSD |
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Where are secundumb defects located and how common are they observed? |
Mid septal area Most common 70% |
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Where are primium defects located and how common are they? |
Inferior septum, close to the atrioventricular valves Second most common (20%) |
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Where are Sinus venosus defects located and how common? What are they commonly associated with? |
Near the entrance of SVC Anomalous pulmonary venous return 8% |
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Where are coronary sinus defects located and how common are they? |
In the inferior septum close to the coronary sinus 2% |
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What is the main direction of flow across an ASD? |
With normal pressure it's left to right |
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When doing a bubble study even when the shunt flow is primarily left to right a small right to left component is usually present when? |
Diastole |
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How can a bubble study look negative but become positive after a valsalva maneuver? |
Because the right side of pressure will undergo a transient increase |
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What is persistent left superior vena cava? |
A congenital venous malformation where the left arm drains into the coronary sinus instead of the superior vena cava. Returning blood from the left arm goes to the right atrium it just takes a detour through the coronary sinus |
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What is the 2D finding in a patient with persistent lsvc? |
A dilated coronary sinus usually best seen in a plax |
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How is the diagnosis of a persistent LSVC confirmed? |
A Bubble study with the injection in the patient's left arm. This way the bubbles will appear in the dilated coronary sinus first and then the right side |
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What is a Perimembranous defect near the aortic valve? |
Most common type of VSD accounting for 75% of them |
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What is an inlet defect? (VSD) |
It's in the posterior portion of the septum close to the tricuspid valve |
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What is an outlet defect or Supra Crystal defect? (VSD) |
It's an r v o t |
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What is a muscular defect VSD? |
Low in the ventricular septum completely surrounded by muscular tissue There can be multiple |
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What can be used to locate the location of a vsd? |
Pulsed or color flow Doppler CW is used to estimate the gradient between the ventricles |
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What is the primary direction flow across a VSD? |
Normal pressure is the primary direction is from left to right |
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What is the physiology of Eisenmengers syndrome? |
-a long-standing left to right shunt either a vsd or an ASD which causes pulmonary hypertension -when a pulmonary pressure's exceed the systemic LV pressure, the shunt reverses directions becoming right to left |
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How does a ventricular septal defect affect the cardiac chambers? |
Small- usually doesn't affect either Moderate to large- * RV to enlarge as a result of the pressure/ volume overload *RVH can also happen * Atria rarely affected |
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What is a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)? |
-when the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth -the ductus arteriosis is the fetal communication between the PA and the descending aorta -needed and fetal circulation because it shunts blood away from the lungs towards the aorta |
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Which view and technique is best for assessing a PDA? |
PSAX AV level Using color flow imaging looking for blood going from aorta to PA |
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In coarctation of the aorta which portion of the aorta is usually involved? |
Normally Just distal to the left subclavian in the area known as the aortic isthmus |
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How can the severity of coarctation be quantified? |
-CW Doppler from SSN through the descending aorta. -Measure the peak gradient - may be forward flow during diastole (diastolic runoff) |
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What is Ebstein's anomaly? |
Congenital now formation and apical displacement of one or more tricuspid leaflet. -moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually present |
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What congenital lesion is often associated with ebstein's anomaly? |
A secundum ASD |
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Which view is the most helpful and assessing Ebstein anomaly? |
Apical or subcostal four chamber view *If the insertions of the MV versus TV are separated by more than 10 mm there's some degree of tricuspid leaflet malposition |
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What conduction disturbance is associated with Ebstein's anomaly? |
WPW with a right accessory pathway |
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In the presence of a VSD how would you calculate the RVSP? |
As long as there's no AS the RSVP can be calculated by 1-measuring the gradient between the ventricles on the basis of flow velocity across the VSD 2-converting the result to pressure with the Bernoulli equation 3- subtracting the gradient from the systolic blood pressure RVSP=SBP-VSD gradient |
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Kids with tuberous sclerosis or (TSC) are prone to what kind of cardiac problems? |
-develop a nine tumors in multiple organs especially the brain -in the heart they develop rhabdomiomas which are the most common tumor seen in kids |
