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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Augustine |
He believes there is evil in all of us (Libidodominandi: drive to dominate, which we need to repress it)
Peace to him means order; everyone is in the place where God put them |
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Aquinas
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Propagated the same ideas of Augustine 900 hundred years later.
He believed the hierarchy but not as severe as Augustine |
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The Four Cardinal Virtues
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Prudence – Cautious
Temperance – Moderation Justice – Should be practiced by the rich Fortitude – For the working class, bear underneath your place Justice and Fortitude are necessary to maintain the hierarchy |
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Similarities between Aquinas and Aug. |
Believers in the Harmony Model
Harmony = Lack of conflict = Peace |
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Karl Marx |
Conflict is not bad Oppression = “Harmony” ≠ Peace The solution is a revolution |
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The 6 Standard Conditions for Collaboration |
Parties must jointly: 1: acknowledge there is a problem 3: define the problem 4: identify a shared interest 5: invent option for mutual gain 6:agree on criteria for choosing options |
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Goldberg, Green & Sanders
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An increase in the volume of legal claims led to an increased interest in the alternative forms of dispute resolution (ADR) settlement.
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) 4 commonly agreed goals of ADR supporters
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1. To relieve court congestion as well as undue dost and delay 2. To enhance community involvement in the dispute resolution process. 3. To facilitate access to justice. 4. To provide more “effective” dispute resolution.
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Conflicts w/ the 4 ADR supporter goals
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1. 90% of disputes are settled without full trial 2. Critique of the feasibility of this goal in today’s highly mobile American society 3. Paradox that providing more accessible means of dispute resolution may result in more disputes being brought forward to be resolved, thus causing delays by further clogging the dispute revolution machinery. It is not necessarily met by providing access to a dispute revolution mechanism other than courts. 4.The effectiveness of a dispute resolution process is gauged not only by the outcomes it produces, but by how it produces them
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Negotiation
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allowing parties themselves to control the process and the solution
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Mediation
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a third party with no power to impose a solution but to simply to assist the disputants in arriving to their own solution; Long used in unions, is now used especially in disputes among persons with an ongoing relationship
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Arbitration
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selected third party with power to impose a solution; Long used in commercial and labor matters, is now applied in consumer disputes, medical malpractice claims, etc
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Adjudication
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imposed third party that imposes a solution
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Hybrid-dispute solutions
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Med-arb, Mini-trial, Rent-a-judge, Ombudsman, Neutral Expert, Summary Jury Trial
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Hybrid-dispute solution, Med-arb
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the same person first serves as mediator then as arbitrator; Used to resolve contract negotiation disputes between public employers and their unionized employees
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Hybrid-dispute solution, Mini-trial
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adjudication combined with negotiation; Major inter-corporate disputes – senior executive gives the likely outcome if it were litigated
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Difficulties in taxonomy
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1. The relationship between the disputants 2. Nature of the dispute. 3. The amount at stake in a dispute. 4. Speed and cost. 5. Power relationship between the parties
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Difficulties in taxonomy (Relationships)
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Mediation is advantageous when it encourages the restructuring of the underlying relationship
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Difficulties in taxonomy (Nature of the dispute)
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adjudicatory approach is not well suited to “polycentric” problems because adjudication would give one resolution and disregard other problems
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(Goldberg, Green & Sanders) Polycentric problems
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allocational disputes in which no clear governing guidelines for a decision are available and where any particular solution will have proliferating ramifications.
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(Raymond Cohen) Is communal life is possible?
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It’s possible only because members of a community possess a set of shared meanings, enabling them to make coherent sense of the world.
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(Raymond Cohen) Cross-cultural differences in the depiction of reality
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They are hard to accept, precisely because we take the picture of the world conveyed by our native language to be self-evident and project it onto everyone else.
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(Raymond Cohen) How to negotiate peace
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Rivals must agree on what it is “to negotiate” and what “peace” is.
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(Raymond Cohen) Semantic approach
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the comparison of the meaning of key terms across languages.
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(Raymond Cohen) Expectation of reconciliation
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The expectation of reconciliation will be informed by the local knowledge that informs their understanding of the term.
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(Raymond Cohen) As societies grow increasingly multicultural and globalization leads to
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a growing of contacts across societies, differences become more salient.
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(Raymond Cohen) Relationship between language and culture
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It is inseparable, language reflects culture and culture is reproduced by language.
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(Raymond Cohen) Themes in English
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Industrial Relations, Engineering, Christian Theology, Sports and Games
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Industrial Relations - Conciliation
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the act of bringing contrary outlooks into harmony
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Industrial Relations - Settlements
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the term often applied to the compromise resulting from successful industrial conciliation, has an established legal meaning
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Industrial Relations - Compromise
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refers to the adjustment of differences involving balanced concessions
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Engineering - Problem
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is the term often applied to a grave domestic dispute or international conflict
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Engineering - Solution
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mathematical scientific term
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Engineering - Process
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a word that elicits math and engineering or a patterned series of events that can be understood and controlled
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Christian Theology - Reconciliation
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restoring a relationship after estrangement or bringing a dispute to an end through amicable agreement. It assumes an inner change of heart and mind.
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(Raymond Cohen) English - Sports and Games
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Sublimated conflict played from an early age, it is not surprising that adults should later view real conflict in the same terms of orderly engagement
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(Raymond Cohen) Arabic – Honor
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Segmented, honor-based society, clan rivalry is endemic, Face saving is essential, Mediation and arbitration were common
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(Raymond Cohen) Hebrew – Military
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The goal of negotiations is always peace and security, Legal terminology
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(Vivienne Jabri) What did Jabri think about conflict and change theory?
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Conflict and change must hence be explored in relation to the specificities of context and not in generic terms.
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(Vivienne Jabri) How did Jabri feel towards his ideas of conflict analysis and resolution?
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She accuses Mitchell of creating a mechanical model through neat typology that takes things out of social context
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(Winslade and Monk)
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The identification of human needs and interests = successful mediation. Each party pursues a path of self -interest. Conflict is an inevitable product of the operation of power in the modern world.
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*(Winslade and Monk) Antiessentialism*
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nature over nurture
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(Winslade and Monk) Antirealism
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questions the existence of objective facts. Interest in the cultural and historical processes by which these facts and interests came to be.
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(Winslade and Monk) Dominant Discourses
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the language used to describe a conflict. Affect the extent to which a person’s voice can be heard by another person.
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(Paul Wehr) Parties involved in Conflict
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Primary parties - those who oppose one another; those whose goals are incompatible or perceived to be incompatible. Secondary parties - have an indirect stake in the outcome; are those who have indirect stake in the outcome of the conflict but who do not perceive themselves to be directly involved. Third Parties - are actors such as mediators and peacekeeping forces; are a level removed from the conflict but have interest in the successful resolution of the conflict.
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(Paul Wehr) Types of Issues
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Fact-based - conflict over what, Values-based - conflict over what should be, Interest-based - conflict over who will get what in the distribution of scarce resources
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(Paul Wehr) Stages of Conflict
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Latent - one or more of the conflict parties may not even be aware that there are issues of contention, but at least one of the conflict parties has grievances, Precipitating Event - after it the conflict is on, full-force, Escalating - the conflict is getting more severe, De-escalating - the conflict is getting less severe, one or more of the parties is trying to reach out and make efforts to resolve the conflict, Partially or totally resolved
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(Paul Wehr) Dynamics of Escalation
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Specific to general, few to many, disagreement to antagonism, light to heavy tactics, reciprocal causation, polarization.
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(Hallward & Shaver) Major Categories of Action
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Nonviolent protest and persuasion, noncooperation, nonviolent intervention`
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