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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define lifespan
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understand how ad why people change or remain the same from cradle to grave
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life span involves which scientific disciplines
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psychology, sociology, history, anthropology, and biology
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what leads to the development of the individual
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genetic influences, physical maturation and cognition
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ecological approach
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an interaction between individual and environment; Urie Bronfenbrenner
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microsystem
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immediate environmental settings that influence and shape the individual
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exosystem
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political, education and cultural practices--surrounds the microsystem
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macrosystem
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surrounds both micro and exosystem; extending beliefs and values of the society
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cohort
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group of people born within a few years of each other, grow up and develop with different options, priorities and constraints
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SES (socioeconomic status)
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a major influence on development
variables include, income education, residence, and occupation |
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low SES causes
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increased pressure and limited opportunities
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infant mortality, adult health problems and adolescent violence are more common among_________
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the poor or low SES
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culture
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shaped set of values, attitudes and customs in a particular setting
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ethnicity
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shared values and geography, ancestry and religion
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various _________ groups can share their culture with other groups yet maintain their _______ identidy
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culture
ethnic |
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nature-nurture controversy
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impact of genetics and environment on personal development
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the range of abilities each person inherits genetically at time of conception is _______
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nature
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environmental influences that occur after conception
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nurture
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twin studies are common methods of investigating ______________
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nature v. nurture
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concordance rates
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how commonly a trait is shared between identical twins v. fraternal twins, v ordinary siblings
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scientific method
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general model which focuses on objectively gathered information using four steps
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list the 4 steps of the scientific method
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formulate general question
develop a hypothesis testing the hypothesis draw conclusions based on results |
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replication
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repeating a study to check its results
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case study
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intensive study of 1 individual
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list 2 drawbacks of case studies
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researches generalized to other people
inability to pinpoint the exact causal factors leading to condition |
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observation
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watching and recording what people do in particular circumstances
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representative sample
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a selected group of research subjects who reflect the relevant traits of larger population
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random sampling
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does not involve any pre-selection of any particular type of individual
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correlation
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considers whether changes in 1 variable are likely to be accompanied by changes in another variable
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positive correlation
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when both variables increase or both variables decrease
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negative correlation
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one variable increases while the other decreases
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experimental research
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considered the only method that can establish the causes of behavioral changes, psychological experiences and physiological process
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experimental group
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exposed to a condition
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control group
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not exposed to a condition
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variables
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components of experiementsthat refer to an event, condition, quality, behavior or trait
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the researcher controls and manipulates the ___________variable
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idependent
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the effect being evaluated as a result of the independent variable is _______________
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dependent variable
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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researches's expectations affect the results through the researches' actions
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cross-sectional research
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involves a design in which groups of subjects of different ages are compared on characteristics at the same point in time
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longitudinal research
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same group of subjects are tested over a period of time
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cross-sectional studies will reflect what __________ _______
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cohort differences
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list the limitation with cross-sectional designs
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difficulty ensuring all background variables except age are similar
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list the limitation with longitudinal design
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selective dropout and those that remain show behavior changes due to being in the study.
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cross-sequential research
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studies several groups of people at different ages; allows long-term study of development
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ethology
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natural unfolding of animal behavior
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developmental theory
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systematic statement that explains behavior and development over the life span
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psychodynamic theory
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considers human development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives and stresses unconscious forces
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who is the founder of psychoanalysis
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sigmund freud
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the life instinct , by freud, is termed as _______ and the death instinct is called ________
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eros
thanatos |
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freud separated the mind into 3 levels :
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conscious, preconscious and the unconscious
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conscious
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small part of the mind which individuals are aware at any moment in time
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preonscious mind
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below the conscious and includes accessible memories
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unconscious mind
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contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that individual cannot recall at will
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repression
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process by which emotionally threatening experiences are banished from the conscious to unconscious
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information-processing
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encoded, stored, and retrieved
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encoding
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putting info into a form that can be stored in memory
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storage
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where information is retained
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retrieval
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involves recovering information from memory
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the range of abilities each person inherits genetically at time of conception is _______
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nature
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environmental influences that occur after conception
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nurture
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twin studies are common methods of investigating ______________
|
nature v. nurture
|
|
concordance rates
|
how commonly a trait is shared between identical twins v. fraternal twins, v ordinary siblings
|
|
scientific method
|
general model which focuses on objectively gathered information using four steps
|
|
list the 4 steps of the scientific method
|
formulate general question
develop a hypothesis testing the hypothesis draw conclusions based on results |
|
replication
|
repeating a study to check its results
|
|
case study
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intensive study of 1 individual
|
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list 2 drawbacks of case studies
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researches generalized to other people
inability to pinpoint the exact causal factors leading to condition |
|
observation
|
watching and recording what people do in particular circumstances
|
|
representative sample
|
a selected group of research subjects who reflect the relevant traits of larger population
|
|
random sampling
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does not involve any pre-selection of any particular type of individual
|
|
correlation
|
considers whether changes in 1 variable are likely to be accompanied by changes in another variable
|
|
positive correlation
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when both variables increase or both variables decrease
|
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negative correlation
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one variable increases while the other decreases
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