Concepts Of Science. Chapter 4

Front 1

heat

Back 1

form of energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects or parts of the same object

Front 2

directionality in nature

Back 2

the effect of actions of constituent atoms & molecules (ex: sugar molecules disperse within hot coffee as the sugar dissolves)

Front 3

energy consideration

Back 3

it takes as much energy to disperse the sugar molecules as it would take to "undisperse" them from a liquid (according to the first law of thermodynamics)

Front 4

directionality over time

Back 4

there's a tendency for systems to go from order to disorder over time (improbable to more probable)

Front 5

order to disorder

Back 5

aging of organisms or machines

Front 6

improbable to probable

Back 6

diamond departure from perfection

Front 7

overall directionality

Back 7

heat flow

Front 8

heat

Back 8

the internal energy effect of the motion of atoms or molecules within an object; a form of energy that moves from warmer to colder areas

Front 9

calorie

Back 9

measure of heat. amount of heat required to raise one gram of water @ 20 degrees C to 21 degrees.

Front 10

temperature

Back 10

a relative reflecting how vigorously constituent atoms are moving and colliding within an object

Front 11

degree

Back 11

measure of temperature on 1 of 3 scales (Farenheit, celcius (centigrade), and Kelvin)

Front 12

F freezing water degree

Back 12

32

Front 13

C freezing water degree

Back 13

0

Front 14

K freezing water degree

Back 14

273

Front 15

F=

Back 15

(1.8 x C)+32

Front 16

C=

Back 16

(F -32) / 1.8

Front 17

K=

Back 17

(C - 273) x -1
(F - 460) x -1

Front 18

thermometer

Back 18

a device used to measure temperature of objects or materials

Front 19

specific heat capacity

Back 19

measure of the ability of a material to absorb heat; quantity required to raise the temperature of one gram of a specific material being tested by 1 degree of Celsius

Front 20

heat transfer

Back 20

the process by which heat moves from 1 place to another

Front 21

types of heat transfer

Back 21

conduction
convection
radiation

Front 22

conduction

Back 22

heat transfer due to action of individual molecules within an object or between objects

Front 23

thermal conductivity

Back 23

relative ability of different materials to transfer heat by conduction (metal)

Front 24

convection

Back 24

a continuous cycling process within materials to which heat is being added

Front 25

convection cell

Back 25

a region of cycling material (ex: boiling water)

Front 26

radiation

Back 26

transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation (infrared radiation) given off by all objects in the universe; can travel through empty space or through many media (microwave)

Front 27

ectotherms

Back 27

organisms that rely on external sources of energy to warm themselves (reptiles)

Front 28

endotherms

Back 28

organisms that warm themselves by conduction of internally produced chemical energy

Front 29

second law of thermodynamics

Back 29

1. heat won't flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body
2. you can't construct an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work
3. every isolated system becomes more disordered with time

Front 30

efficiency

Back 30

amount of work obtainable from an engine, divided by the amount of energy put into it (but can never be = 100%)

Front 31

high-temperature reservoir

Back 31

internal heat of engine

Front 32

low-temperature reservoir

Back 32

external sink for heat

Front 33

ordered system

Back 33

system in which a number of objects ar e positioned in a regular and predictable pattern

Front 34

disordered system

Back 34

system in which objects are randomly situated without any obvious pattern

Front 35

entropy

Back 35

concept of the state or degree of disorder
remains constant or increases in an isolated system
its numerical value is related to the number of possible ways that a certain arrangement of atoms can be arranged

Front 36

"Heat Death" of the universe

Back 36

gloomy philosophical adaption of 2nd law of thermodynamics. apparent implication that the known universe was headed for degradation into "waste heat"

Front 37

arrow of time concept

Back 37

consequence of 2nd law of thermodynamics
heat flow, entropy, etc. establish a directionality of time. this is on eof the built in limitations of the universe

Front 38

evolution

Back 38

doesn't violate 2nd law of thermodynamics because earth isn't an isolated system. solar energy, a result of increasing disorder within the su, is the primary heat source for earth (& life on earth)