Computer Systems

Front 1

Computer

Back 1

A machine that processes data

Front 2

The 3 purposes of a computer

Back 2

To take data, process it and output it

Front 3

Hardware

Back 3

The physical stuff that makes up your computer

Front 4

Software

Back 4

The programs that a computer system runs

Front 5

What are embedded systems and what do they do

Back 5

Computers built into other devices, they monitor and control machinery in order to achieve a desired result

Front 6

Why are embedded systems easier to design, cheaper to produce and more efficient than a general purpose computer?

Back 6

They are dedicated to a single task

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Power supply

Back 7

Supplies power to the motherboard, optical hard drives and other hardware

Front 8

Case cooling fan

Back 8

Extracts hot air from the computer case

Front 9

Optical drive

Back 9

For reading and writing optical disks

Front 10

CPU

Back 10

Processes all the data and instructions that make the system work

Front 11

Motherboard

Back 11

Where the hardware is connected

Front 12

Processing power of the CPU depends on:

Back 12

Clock speed, cache size and type, number of cores

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The 5 parts of the CPU

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Control unit, arithmetic logic unit, cache, clock, buses

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Control unit

Back 14

Its main job is to fetch, decode and execute program instructions by following the fetch execute cycle

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ALU

Back 15

Performs logic operations and completes simple calculations

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Registers

Back 16

Used to store intermediate results of calculations

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Cache

Back 17

Very fast memory in the CPU, it is slower than registers but faster than RAM and stores regularly used data for quick access. They have very low capacity and are expensive compared to RAM and secondary storage

Front 18

Clock

Back 18

Sends out signals that continually cycle between 1 and 0, usually at a constant rate.

Caches have a very low capacity and are expensive compared to RAM and secondary storage

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Buses

Back 19

Collection of wires used to transmit data between components of the CPU and to other parts of the computer system

Front 20

Von Neumann’s design

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Described a system where the CPU runs programs stored in memory, programs consist of instructions and data which are stored in memory addresses

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Fetch execute cycle: Fetch instruction

Back 21

Control unit reads the memory address of the next CPU instruction, the instruction is stored in that address and copied from memory to one of its registers, memory address is incremented to point to address of next instruction

Front 22

Fetch execute cycle: Fetch instruction

Back 22

Control unit reads the memory address of the next CPU instruction, the instruction is stored in that address and copied from memory to one of its registers, memory address is incremented to point to address of next instruction

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Fetch Execute Cycle: Execute Instruction

Back 23

Instruction is performed

Front 24

Fetch execute cycle: Fetch instruction

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1.Control unit reads the memory address of the next CPU instruction

2.the instruction is stored in that address and copied from memory to one of its registers

3.memory address is incremented to point to address of next instruction

Front 25

Fetch Execute Cycle: Execute Instruction

Back 25

Instruction is performed

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Fetch Execute Cycle: Decode Instruction

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The instruction that was copied from memory is decoded by the control unit which then prepares it for the next step

Front 27

4 types of memory

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Registers, RAM, Cache, ROM

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RAM

Back 28

Random Access Memory, used as main memory in a computer, it is volatile. Where all data, files and programs are stored while in use. Slower than cache memory but way faster than secondary storage

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ROM

Back 29

Read Only Memory, also used as main memory and is non-volatile. Can only be read, not written to. Contains the basic input output systems needed for a computer to boot up. Tells CPU to perform checks once booted up.

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RAM/ROM Requirements: Non-Embedded Systems

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Usually have much more RAM than ROM as they often need to write to main memory

ROM is typically used for BIOS which doesn’t require much space

RAM and ROM usually stored on the motherboard, away from the CPU

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RAM/ROM Requirements: Embedded Systems

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Usually have more ROM than RAM as they don’t write much data to memory

They don’t tend to have secondary storage so ROM is used to store all programs

RAM and ROM are often stored on the same chip as the CPU to reduce physical space needed and cost

Front 32

Clock Speed

Back 32

Determines the number of instructions a single processor can carry out per second, higher clock speed=more instructions carried out per second

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CPU cores

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More Cores=more instructions it can carry out at once, so the faster it can process a batch of data

Front 34

Cache size

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Larger cache size gives the CPU faster access to more data it needs to process

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Cache Speed

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Based on how far it is from the CPU, closer=faster access to CPU

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If a computer has too little RAM

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System slows down as not all applications can be done at same time

Front 37

Primary storage

Back 37

Memory areas that the CPU can access directly, this is the fastest and is mostly volatile

Front 38

Secondary Storage

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Non-volatile storage which isn’t directly accessible by the CPU, where data is stored while not in use

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Hard Disk Drives

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Traditional internal storage, made up of a stack of magnetised metal disks

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How is data stored in Hard Disk Drives?

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Magnetically in sectors with circular tracks and read/write heads on a moving arm used to access sectors on discs

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Magnetic Tape

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A type of magnetic storage with a very high capacity and low cost per GB, tapes are stored in cassettes and played by a tape drive

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Solid State Drives

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Use flash storage to store data using trapping electrons

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Why are SSD’s so good

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No moving parts so don’t break easily and have faster read/write times than HDD

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Pros of SSD

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Faster, more shockproof, silent

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Pros of HDD

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Cheaper, higher capacity, longer read/write life

Front 46

Optical disks

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Cheap and robust secondary storage

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3 forms of optical disks

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Read only, write only, rewriteable

Front 48

Pros of cloud storage

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Users can access files from anywhere, no need to buy expensive hardware

Front 49

Cons of cloud storage

Back 49

Need internet connection, depends on host for security and backups, data can be vulnerable to hackers

Front 50

3 forms of optical disks

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Read only, write only, rewriteable

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Pros of cloud storage

Back 51

Users can access files from anywhere, no need to buy expensive hardware

Front 52

Cons of cloud storage

Back 52

Need internet connection, depends on host for security and backups, data can be vulnerable to hackers

Front 53

Who is the best winger OAT(except messi)?

Back 53

The Egyptian King Mo Salah

Front 54

Who’s a wasteman?

Back 54

Oscar