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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SPECIAL SENSORY RECEPTORS ARE DISTINCT RECEPTOR CELLS, MOST OF WHICH ARE MODIFIED?
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DENDRITES OF SENSORY NEURONS
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CHEMORECEPTORS RESPOND TO WHAT?
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CHEMICALS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
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DESCRIBE FILIFORM PAPILLAE
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CONTAIN NO TASTE BUDS AND PROVIDE FRICTION FOR MOVEMENT OF FOOD BY THE TONGUE
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DESCRIBE CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE
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LARGEST AND LEAST NUMEROUS
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THE PROCESS BY WHICH STIMULUS ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO A NERVE IMPULSE
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TRANSDUCTION
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IN ORDER TO SMELL, A PARTICULAR CHEMICAL MUST BE WHAT?
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VOLATILE AND WATER SOLUBLE
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THE SENSE OF SMELL IS LINKED TO WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN?
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO ODORS?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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AREA WHERE THE EYELIDS MEET IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
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MEDIAL & LATERAL CANTHI
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LOCATED AT THE MEDIAL CANTHUS, CONTAINS SEBACEOUS AND SWEAT GLANDS, AND COLLECTRS SANDMAN'S EYE SAND
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LACRIMAL CARUNCLE
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VERITICLE FOLD OF SKIN ON BOTH SIDES OF NOSE THAT COVERS THE MEDIAL COMMISSURE IN MOST ASIANS
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EPICANTHIC FOLD
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THE MODIFIED SEBACEOUS GLANDS THAT PRODUCE AND OILY SUBSTANCE TO LUBRICATE THE EYES AND LIDS; PREVENTS LIDS FROM STICKING TOGETHER
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TARSAL, OR MEIBOMIAN GLANDS
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PRODUCES MUCOUS TO PREVENT EYES FROM DRYING OUT.
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CONJUNCTIVA
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ITS PURPOSE IS SECRETION FOR PROTECTION OF THE EYE; CONTAINS MUCUS, ANTIBODIES, AND LYSOZYMES
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LACRIMAL FLUID
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COVERS THE ENTIRE ASPECT OF THE EYE EXCEPT THE IRIS.
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SCLERA
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MOST SENSITIVE PART OF EYE THAT COVERS THE IRIS
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CORNEA
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HIGHLY VASCULAR, DARK BROWN MEMBRANE; MIDDLE COAT SEPERATING THE FIBROUS AND NEURAL TUNICS
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CHOROID
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SMOOTH MUSCLES THAT CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE LENS
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CILIARY BODY
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SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE IRIS THAT CHANGE THE PUPIL SIZE FOR CONSTRICTION
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CIRCULAR MUSCLES
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SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE IRIS THAT CHANGE THE PUPIL SIZE FOR DILATION
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RADIAL MUSCLES
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LIST THE FUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE PIGMENTED LAYER OF THE RETINA
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ABSORB LIGHT, ACT AS PHAGOCYTES, AND STORE VITAMIN A
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PART OF EYE THAT CONTAINS NO PHOTORECEPTORS, SO LIGHT STRIKING THIS SPOT CAN NOT BE PERCEIVED
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OPTIC DISC
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DIM-LIGHT VISION RECEPTORS
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RODS
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BRIGHT-LIGHT VISION VISION RECEPTORS; HIGH ACUITY OF COLOR VISION
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CONES
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HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF CONES, NO RODS
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FOVEA CENTRALIS
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FORMS IN THE ANTERIOR CAVITY OF THE EYE AS IT FILTER FROM THE CAPILLARIES
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AQUEOUS HUMOR
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FORMS IN POSTERIOR CAVITY IN THE EMBRYO AND LASTS FOR A LIFETIME
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VITREOUS HUMOR
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AVASCULAR PART OF EYE WITH THE FUNCTION OF FOCUSING
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LENS
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TWO FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE FOCAL DISTANCES
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DISTANCE OF OBJECT FROM THE LENS AND SHAPE OF THE LENS
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IN REFERENCE TO VISION,
ACCOMODATION MAY BE DEFINED AS |
CHANGING LENS SHAPE
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MAXIMUM BULGE A LENS CAN ACHIEVE
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NEAR POINT VISION
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WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH VISION?
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
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SOUND IS STIMULATED WHEN WHAT HAPPENS?
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MECHANORECEPTORS ARE PHYSICALLY DISTURBED BY SOUND VIBRATIONS
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MODIFIED APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS THAT SECRETE YELLOW-BROWN SUBSTANCE IN THE EAR
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CERUMINOUS GLANDS
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TANSMITS VIBRATIONS TO TINY BONES
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TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
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LINKS THE MIDDLE EAR TO NASOPHARYNX AND EQUALIZES PRESSURE IN MIDDLE EAR CAVITY
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EUSTACHIAN TUBE
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RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF VIBRATION
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AUDITORY OSSICLES
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STRUCTURES THAT TRANSMIT VIBRRATORY MOTION OF EARDRUM
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TENSORS TYMPANI AND STAPEDIUS
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CONSISTS OF VESTIBULE, SEMICIRCULAR CANAL, COCHLEA, AND PERILYMPH
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BONY LABYRINTH
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CONTAINS ENDOLYMPH AND IS LOCATED WITHIN THE BONY LABYRINTH
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MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
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HOUSES RECEPTOR ORGAN FOR HEARING, VESTIBULE, AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS; ASSOCIATED WITH EQUILIBRIUM
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COCHLEA
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SECRETES ENDOLYMPH
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STRIA VASCULARIS
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CENTER FOR BALANCE IN THE BRAIN
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CEREBELLUM
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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES SECRETED BY THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO THEIR TARGET CELLS
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HORMONES
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2 WAY HORMONES EXERT THEIR EFFECTS
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ALTER ENZYME ACTIVITY AND ALTER MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
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WHAT DOES THE STEROID HORMONE LINK WITH?
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DNA
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3 KINDS OF STIMULI
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NEURAL, HUMORAL, AND HORMONAL
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WHAT DOES LACTOGENIC MEAN
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MILK PRODUCTION
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LUTEINIZING REFERS TO WHAT?
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OVULATION
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ADH AND OXYTOCIN ARE PRODUCED WHERE?
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POSTERIOR PITUITARY
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WHAT HORMONE STIMULATES WATER ABSORPTION BY THE KIDNEYS
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ADH
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WHAT HORMONE STIMULATES MILK SECRETION
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OXYTOCIN
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SECRETES THE BODY'S MAJOR METABOLIC HORMONES
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THYROID GLAND
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HORMONE THAT INCREASES ENERGY UTILIZATION AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
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THYROXINE
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3 CORTICOSTEROIDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ZONE IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX
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GLUCOCORTICOIDS, MINERALOCORTICOIDS, AND GONADOCORTICOIDS
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THE EMERGENCY HORMONE
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EPINEPHRINE
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WHAT STRUCTURE IN THE PANCREAS SECRETES ENDOCRINE HORMONES
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ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
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WHAT HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS INCREASES GLUCOSE
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GLUCAGON
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WHAT HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS LOWERS GLUCOSE
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INSULIN
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HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE PINEAL GLAND THAT CAUSES DROWSINESS
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MELATONIN
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HORMONE PRODUCED IN KIDNEYS THAT STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF RBCs
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ERYTROPOIETIN PEPTIDE HORMONE
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WHAT HORMONES ARE MADE BY THE CORPUS LUTEUM
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PROGESTIN AND RELAXIN
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HORMONE THAT PREPARES THE UTERUS FOR IMPLANTATION
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PROGESTIN
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SKIN PRODUCES WHAT HORMONE NECESSARY FOR ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM; AN INACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D3
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CHOLECALCIFEROL
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WHAT IS THE REASON THAT ANTICANCER DRUGS HAVE SUCH A DRASTIC EFFECT ON THE DIGESTIVE TRACT?
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HIGH RATE OF CELL DIVISION INHIBITED AND LOST EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE NOT REPLACED; RESULTS IN FAILURE TO ABSORB NUTRIENTS
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INNER LINING OF DIGESTIVE TRACT THAT CONSISTS OF BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHOID TISSUE, NERVE ENDINGS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, AND MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
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LAMINA PROPRIA
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LOCATED IN MUSCULARIS EXTERNA BETWEEN THE CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYER; RESPONSIBLE FOR COORDINATING MOVEMENTS ALONG THE TRACT
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PLEXUS AUERBACH OR MYENTERIC PLEXUS
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HANGS LIKE AN APRON FROM THE STOMACH
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GREATER OMENTUM
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PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD IN THE MOUTH
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BOLUS
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SPACE BETWEEN THE CHEEKS OF LIPS AND THE TEETH
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VESTIBULE
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PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING THE NASAL CAVITY
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UVULA
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LIST THE PARTS OF A TOOTH
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CROWN, NECK, ROOT
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LAYERS OF A TOOTH
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ENAMEL, DENTIN, AND PULP
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BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES ENTER A TOOTH THROUGH WHAT?
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APICAL FORAMEN
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TYPE OF SECRETORY CELL FOUND IN SALIVA THAT PRODUCES WATERY FLUID? VISCOUS FLUID?
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SEROUS CELL; MUCOUS CELLS
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LIST THE TYPES OF SALIVARY GLANDS AND THE SECRETION THEY PRODUCE
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PAROTID-WATERY, SUBLINGUAL-VISCOUS, SUBMANDIBULAR-MIX
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THE ESOPHAGUS PENETRATES THE DIAPHRAGM AT AN OPENING KNOWN AS WHAT?
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ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS
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LIST REGIONS OF THE STOMACH AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
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CARDIAC-CARDIAC SPHINCTER PREVENTS FOOD FROM REENTERING ESOPHAGUS, FUNDUS-TEMP. STORAGE, BODY-MIXING TANK, PYLORUS-PYLORIC SPHINCTER TO REGULATE RELEASE OF CHYME INTO DUODENUM
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PARIETAL OR OXYNTIC CELLS COMMON IN DIGESTIVE GLANDS, SECRETE WHAT TWO SUBSTANCES?
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INTRINSIC FACTOR AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID
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WHAT FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH IS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE? WHY?
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SECRETION OF THE INTRINSIC FACTOR IS NECESSARY FOR NORMAL ERYTHROPOIESIS
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LIST REGIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND THEIR FUNCTION
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DUODENUM-MIXING BOWL, JEJUNUM-FINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION, ILEUM-ILEOCECAL VALVE CONTROLS FLOW FROM ILEUM TO CECUM AND ALSO PEYER'S PATCHES TO PROTECT FROM BACTERIA OF LG. INTESTINE
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INTESTINAL GLANDS AT THE BASE OF THE VILLI THAT SECRETE A WATERY FLUID THAT SERVES AS A VEHICLE FOR DIGESTED FOOD
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CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN
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LARGEST GLAND IN BODY
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LIVER
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LARGE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS IN INNER LININGS OF HEPATIC SINUSOIDS THAT REMOVE BACTERIA AND FOREIGN BODIES THAT GAIN ENTRANCE THROUGH HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
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KUPFFER CELLS OR HEPATIC MACROPHAGES
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MAIN FUNTIONS OF THE LIVER
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METABOLISM, DETOXIFY, FILTER, STORAGE, SECRETION
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FUNCTION OF BILE SALTS
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EMULSIFY FATS
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DESCRIBE FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE
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SECRETES NO ENZYMES, REABSORBS WATER AND ELECTROLYTES, CONTAINS BACTERAIL FLORA NECESSARY TO SYNTHESIZE VIT. B COMPLEX AND VIT. K
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DESCRIBE APPENDIX
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MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA MAINLY COMPOSED OF LYMPHOID TISSUE; NO ROLE IN DIGESTION
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FUNCTION OF RECTAL VALVES
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SEPERATE FECES FROM FLATUS
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AVG. pH OF BLOOD
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7.4
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PERCENT OF WHOLE BLOOD OCCUPIED BY FORMED ELEMENTS IS WHAT?
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HEMATOCRIT
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PLASMA MINUS CLOOTIN PROTEINS?
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SERUM
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LIST PROTEINS IN PLASMA
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ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN, AND FIBRINOGEN
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RBC GRAVEYARD
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SPLEEN
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LIST THE GRANULOCYTES
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BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, NEUTROPHILS
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LIST AGRANULOCYTES
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LYMPHOCYTES AND MONOPHILS
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LARGEST WBC
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LYMPHOCYTES
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FUNTION OF PLATELETS
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SERVE AS PLUG IN DAMAGED SURFACE AND RELEASES SEROTONIN FOR VASOCONSTRICTION
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PRESENCE OF RH IN THE RBC MEMBRANE INDICATES WHAT? ABSENCE?
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RH+; RH-
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REMOVAL OF UNNEEDED CLOTS
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FIBRINOLYSIS
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CLUMPING OF RBC FOLLOWING TRANSFUSION
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AGGLUTINATION
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CELL MEMBRANE OF RBC; THEIR PRESENCE DETERMINES BLOOD TYPE
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ANTIGENS
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3 WALLS OF THE HEART
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EPICARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, ENDOCARDIUM
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CHAMBERS OF HEART
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LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIA AND LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES
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TWO TYPE OF HEART VALVES
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ATRIOVENTRICULAR AND SEMILUNAR
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DESCRIBE SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE
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CONTAINS PACEMAKER CELLS THAT ESTABLISH THE HEART'S RATE
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WHAT ARE DEFLECTION WAVES?
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WAVES IN AN ECG; P WAVE, QRS WAVE, AND T WAVE
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CAUSED BY DEPOLARIZATION OF ATRIA
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P WAVE
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APPEARS PRIOR TO CONTRACTION OF VENTRICULAR WALLS
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QRS WAVE
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CAUSED BY THE REPOLARIZATION OF THE FIVERS AT END OF VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
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T WAVE
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CARDIAC CONTRACTION, CAUSES PRESSURE TO GO UP
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SYSTOLE
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CARDIAC RELAXATION; PRESSURE GOES DOWN
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DIASTOLE
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HEART SOUNDS ARE DUE TO WHAT?
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CLOSING OF THE VALVES
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WHAT SOUND IS HEARD WHEN THE AV VALVES ARE CLOSING
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S1
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WHAT SOUND OCCURS WHEN SEMILUNAR VALVES ARE CLOSING
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S2
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SOUNDS OF HEART THAT MAY BE AUDIBLE DUE TO BLOOD FLOW THROUGH VENTRICLES AND ATRIAL CONTRACTION
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3RD & 4TH SOUNDS
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WHAT SUPPLIES THE CARDIAC CELLS WITH HIGH RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE?
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LARGE MITOCHONDRIA ACCOUNT FOR 25% OF VOLUME OF THE CARDIAC CELLS
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LIST WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS
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TUNICA EXTERNA (ADVENTITIA), TUNICA MEDIA, AND TUNICA INTERNA (INTIMA)
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TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
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ELASTIC CONDUCTING ARTERIES AND MUSCULAR (OR MEDIUM-SIZED) DISTRIBUTING ARTERIES
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TYPE OF CAPILLARY FOUND IN ALL TISSUES AND CONTAIN INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS
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CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
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CAPILLARIES IN AREAS THAT MUST BE PERMEABLE; HAVE OPENINGS KNOWN AS WINDOWS, PORES OR FENESTRATIONS
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FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
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"LEAKY CAPPILARIES" FOUND WHERE LARGE MOLECULES MUST PASS
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SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
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CONSIST OF THIN WALLS AND LARGE LUMEN TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE; THEY FUNCTION AS BLOOD RESERBOIR OR CAPACITANCE VESSELS
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VEINS
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RHYTHMIC PRESSURE OSCILLATION THAT ACCOMPANIES EACH HEART RATE
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PULSE
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FACTORS IN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
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MAP=DIASTOLIC PRESSURE + PULSE PRESSURE/3
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LIST SOURCES OF RESISTANCE IN BLOOD VESSELS
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VISCOSITY, TOTAL BLOOD VESSEL LENGTH, BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER
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WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON BLOOD PRESSURE
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CAUSES B.P. TO DROP BY INHIBITING THE RELEASE OF ADH AND THEREBY PROMOTES VASODILATION
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FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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FLUID RECOVERY, LIPID ABSORPTION, IMMUNITY
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HIGHLY SPECIALIZED LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES IN THE VILLI OF INTESTINAL MUCOSA; PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN ABSORBING DIGESTED FATS FROM THE INTESTINE
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LACTEALS
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THE SMALLES LYMPHATIC VESSELS; WEAVE BETWEEN CELLS AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES IN LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF BODY; ALSO CONSIST OF CONTINUOUS, FENESTRATED AND SINUSOIDAL
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LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
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MECHANISMS OF LYMPH TRANSPORT
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MUSCULAR ACTION AND CONTRACTION, BREATHING, VALVES, PULSATION OF ATERIES,
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THYMUS DEPENDENT LYMPHOID CELLS THAT PROCTECT BODY AGAINST ANTIGENS
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T CELLS OR T LYMPHOCYTES
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BONE-DERIVED LYMPHOID CELLS THAT SECRETE ANTIBODIES
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B CELLS OR B LYMPHOCYTES
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LYMPHOID ORGANS FOUND IN CLUSTERS ALONG THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS OF THE BODY; THEY FILTER LYMPH
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LYMPH NODES
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CONTAINS LARGEST COLLECTION OF LYMPHOID TISSUE IN BODY; LARGEST LYMPOID ORGAN
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SPLEEN
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THE LIQUID PART OF BLOOD IS PLASMA, ONCE THIS FLUID IS IN TISSUES, ITS KNOWN AS WHAT?
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INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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WHEN FLUID IS RECOVERED FROM TISSUE, IT'S KNOWN AS WHAT?
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LYMPH
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CAPILLARIES OF LYMPHATICS?
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LACTEALS
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LYMPH ONLY FLOWS TOWARD WHAT STRUCTURE?
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THE HEART
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LYMPHOID TISSUE HOUSES WHAT?
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LYMPHOCYTES AND PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
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LYMPH NODES ARE WHAT?
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LYMPH NODES--ORGANS!!!
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COLLECTING VESSELS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; 2 MAJOR TYPES ARE SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
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LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
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COLLECTS LYMPH FROM BODY INFERIOR TO THE DIAPHRAGM AND ON LEFT SIDE ABOVE DIAPHRAGM
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THORACIC DUCT
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EXPANDED BASE OF THE THORACIC DUCT; STORES CHYLE
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CISTERNA CHYLI
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SMALLER OF THE COLLECTING DUCTS; COLLECTS LYMPH FROM RIGHT SIDE OF BODY ABOVE DIAPHRAGM
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RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
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the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells
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respiration
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movement of air in and out of the lungs
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pulmonary respiration
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exchange of gases between lungs and blood
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external respiration
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exchange of gases between blood and the cells
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internal respiration
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respiratory system can be divided into what two parts
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upper and lower
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consists of nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
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upper resp. system
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consists of pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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lower resp. system
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2 portions of respiratory tract
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conducting and respiratory
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function of nasal cavity
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warms and humidifies air and is passageway for air
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the hairs of __?__ filter air
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vibrissae
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contains sweat and sebaceous glands and numerous hair follicles; lies in nasal cavity
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vestibule
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where are the receptors for smell
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olfactory mucosa
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contains scattered goblet cells that rest on lamina propria
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respiratory mucosa
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an antibacterial enzyme contained in mucous
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lysozyme
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secrete defensins to help getrid of invading microbes in resp. tract
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epithelial cells
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defensins are a natural what
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antibiotic
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serve as resonant chambers which affect the quality of the voice; mainly reduce weight of the skull
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paranasal sinsuses
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serves as passageway for both food and air
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oropharynx
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serves as passageway of food & air and is lined with stratisfied squamous epithelium
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laryngopharynx
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serves as passageway to air only
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nasopharynx
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3 small cartilages that form part of the lateral and posterior walls of larynx
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arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilage
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lower folds responsible for vocal sounds
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true vocal cords or vocal fold
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2 pair of horizontal folds in mucous membrane which help prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis
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false vocal cords or vestibular folds
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collectiv term for when the abdominal muscles contract and abdominal pressure rises which helps empty the rectum or bladder & can stabilize the body trunk when lifting
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valsalva's maneuver
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who many pieces of cartilage in the trachea? what type of cartilage?
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15-20; hyaline
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in alveolar membrane; squamous cells that lined aveolar wall; primary source of angiostnesin converting enzyme
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type I cells
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dust cells in alveolar membrane that phagocytize any foreign bodies
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alveolar macrophages
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cuboidal cells in alveolar membranethat secrete surfectant
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type II cells
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an oily secretion containing a mix of phospholipids and proteins
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surfectant
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reduces surface tension in alveolar fluid and decreases tendancy of alveolar to collapse
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surfectant
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smalles subdivision of the lung visible to the naked eye
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lobule
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air in the collapsed alveoli that cease to be involved in gas exchange
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alveolar dead space
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volume moved in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing; total amt. of exchangeable air
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tidal volume
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volume that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation
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residual volume
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measures vital capacity, expiratory reserve, and inspiratory reserve
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spirometer
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increases in TLC, FRC, & RV may occur as result of what
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hyperinflation of lungs in obstructive diseases
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healthy lungs can exhale around?
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80% of the FVC w/in 1 sec.
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determines air movement throughout respiratory cycle
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pneumotachometer
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states the total pressure exerted by a mix of gases is the sum of the parietal pressures of each gas in the mixture
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dalton's law of parietal pressures
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responsible for basic rhythm of breathing
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dorsal resp. group
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factors that affect depth and rate of breathing
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irritating factors and changes in pressure
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what chemical factors (ions) are in the arterial blood
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carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen ions
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a copound produced by RBCs as they break down glucose by anaerobic processes called glycolysis
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BPG or biphosphoglycerate
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supplies nerves to the kidneys which is an offshoot of the celiac plexus and nerves from the splanchnic nerves
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renal plexus
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function of renal corpuscle
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filtration of plasma
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visceral layer of bowman's capsule consits of highly modified branching epithelial cells called whaT?
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podocytes with complex processes or "feet" called pedicels
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opening in between podocytes that allow filtrate to pass to capsular spaces
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filtration slits or slit pores
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the thick segment of loop of henle for reabsorption of sodium and chlorine
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ascending limb
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secretesions, acids, and other toxins; selective absorption of sodium, water, and calcium; part of loop of henle usually without microvilli
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distal convoluted tubule
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formed by the macula densa and the DCT and cells in wall of afferent arteriole
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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