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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neonate: 0-10 Daya |
General: characterized by physiological flexor activity Prone: physiological flexion; head lifting is first step in development of anti-gravity extension and weight shifting Supine: physiological flexion in extremities, but no control of neck flexors; baby can briefly keep head in midline but usually is rotated to the side Sitting: lack of trunk muscular control Standing: primary standing and automatic walking |
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One Month: 4 weeks |
General: physiological flexion has decreased in the extremities and the baby is more extended; minimal change in motor control; prone head lift better. |
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Two Months |
General: characterized by semi-hypotonia, decreased physiological flexion and increased extension and asymmetry; extension not balanced by anti-gravity flexion Prone: hips more extended; initiation of head lifting and turning is easier Supine: gravity increases ROM in head rotation, shoulder external rotation, and hip ER -head rorates further to the side due to gravity and presence of increased unilateral activity of neck extensors -May get stimulation of ATNR -Lateral vision becomes dominant and eye-hand regard and swiping at toys at the side is frequently observed Pull to sit: does attempt to assist with head lift due to stimulation of optical and labyrinthine righting; lack of anti-gravity neck flexor control Sitting: head bobbing resulting from intermittent head and heck extensor activity; lack of trunk control Standing: demonstrates astasia-abasia |
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Three Months |
General: beginning of active symmetry and bilateral control of the neck and trunk muscles; midline orientation of head, eyes, and hands is starting Prone: head/neck extension accompanied by upper trunk (thoracic) extension results in better lifting and turning of the head; -weight bearing emerging on the forearms with upper chest lifted from the support surface-first coordinated action of extensors and chest flexors working together; -pelvis is flat -LE's flexed, abducted, and ext rotated ("frog-legged" position) prerequisite for lumbar spine hyperextention and anterior pelvic tilt Supine: increased symmetry with head for frequently in midline with chin tuck -hands come together on chest (body awareness) -midline ocular control increases -"frog legged" position Sitting: head lift with neck hyperextension, usually stabilized with scapular elevation; needs full support to sit Standing: takes weight on feet; LE's are abducted and knees stiffly extended; no automatic walking |
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Four Months |
General: strong symmetry; baby uses bilateral symmetrical control of flexor and extensor muscles; balance of neck muscles results in midline control of head in prone, supine, and sitting Prone: increased extensor muscle control; -often seen total extension pattern reinforced by bilateral scapular adduction ("swimming") - scapular adduction also seen in initial sitting, standing, and walking -pectoral muscles adduct the arms in line with the trunk; active shoulder adduction helps facilitate abdominal muscle contraction and head flexion resutling in chin tuck with elongation of the neck. -plays with pelvic tilt: ant pelvic tilts are accompanied by lumbar ext, hip flex, knee flex, and ankle DF; posterior pelvic tilts are accompanied by hip ext, knee ext, and ankle PF; -activity in hip adductors bring the legs closer together and elongate the hip abductiors and hip flexors, resulting in accidental rolling Supine: increased antigravity flexor muscle control -lifts head, arms, and legs to reach the hands to knees (body awareness); head rotation initiates rolling to sidelying Pull to sit: initiates the lift Sitting: leans forward at hips with trunk ext; still needs support Standing: takes weight on feet with support at hands instead of trunk |
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Five Months |
General: Important for the emerging capabilities of lateral weight shifting and lateral righting reactions of the head and spine, and of UE and LE dissociation Prone: assumes and maintains forearm and extended arm weight bearing - increased shoulder girdle control and trunk control enables the baby to shifft weight at the pelvis and forearms and reach out with one arm Supine: increased control in the abdominal and hip flexor muscles -Ligts legs and brings his feet to his hands and to his mouth with post pelvis tilt (body awareness) and rolls to his side Side-lying: assumes a posture of lat flexion, laterally flexing his head away from the floor with the lower leg extended and adducted and the top leg flexed and abducted; note increased control into lateral flexion and increased LE dissociation. -labyrinthine and optical righting provide stimulus for lateral head righting; need balance of unilateral extensors with unilateral flexors to laterally flex Pull to sit: no head lag present; increased abdominal control stabilizes the rib cage for head and neck flexion and minimizes shoulder girdle elevation; pulls up with arms Sitting: continues to lean forward from the hips and props on extended arms; doesn't have sufficient hip extensor to control to stabilize the pelvis in the upright position in sitting. -postural stability is also achieved with bilateral symmetrical scapular adduction. Standing: when pulled to stand, baby frequently uses strong knee extension to elevate his body; takes full weight on his legs but must be supported. |
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Six Months |
General: good head control in flex, ext, and lateral flex; reaching and protective ext forward due to increased shoulder girdle control; trunk control and mobility are increasing. Prone: extensor activity in strong; good balance between flexors and extensors -see chin tuck with elongation of neck, and balance between upper trunk extensors and upper trunk flexors with good shoulder girdle stability -Trunk extensors balanced by active abdominal contraction decreasing the amount of lordosis; good hip extension is possible because the abdominals stabilize the pelvis - sufficient shoulder girdle control to weight shift on extended arms and reach but still often drops down to forearms during weight shifting Supine: sufficient abdominal and LE muscle control to lift pelvis and legs and maintain his legs extended above his body Rolling: rolls supine to prone: initiated with flexion either in LE's or head; flexor components dominate the action until side-lying and then extension become dominant. Sitting: can sit indep while maintaining a streaght back and tucked chin due to increased hip extensor control -due to increased spinal-trunk control, scapular muscles no longer needed and UE's are free and can be used for reaching, manipulation of protective ext forward Standing: bears weight on both legs; sufficient trunk and hip control to indep hold on to the support of a person or a firm object; can bounce in standing with feet flat on floor |
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Seven Months |
General: sits independently and begins to shift weight in sitting; sideways protective extension often present; trunk control sufficient to allow dissociation of the LE from the trunk resulting in various LE positions while sitting Prone: preferred position because of ease in transferring into other positions; prone pivot, belly crawling Quadruped: prone transition through lateral weight shift, LE dissociation, followed by lifting of pelvis over the flexed leg and UE elbow ext to lift the body into quadruped -Lumbar lordosis seen in quadruped due to insufficient activity in abdominals; when abdominals are active, the lordosis is reduced and the shoulder girdle muscles are active; when abdominals are active, doesn't need to "fix" with hip flexors and he can rock forward and backward. |
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Eight Months |
Sitting: trunk control in sitting has improved; uses LE's less frequently for positional stability; sits in variety of positions Quadruped: trasitions from sitting to/from quadruped Creeping: primary means of locomotion; reciprocal creeping occurs when the trunk has sufficient control to support the counter-rotation of the shoulder girdle and the pelvis Stand: transistions from quadruped to kneeling to halg-kneel to stand; continues to rely heavily on UE's to do the majority of the lifting Cruise: indep cruises sideways around furniture by facing forward and alternately abductin and adducting his legs and arms Walking: when both hands are held. walks forward using a steppage-gait using wide abduction, external rotation, and flexion; person who is walking with the baby provides the actual forward movement |
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Nine Months |
General: very functional in sitting; able to change sitting postures and initiate and control a variety of movement transitions and sequences; trunk control enables him to practice and further develop his fine motor and manipulative skills Sitting: plays with a variety of positions with good dynamic mobility Quadruped: moves easily sit to/from quadruped; creeping for primary mobility Standing: kneeling-->half-kneel-->stand at support; continues to use UE's for balance and some assistance, his legs are becoming more active and powerful Climbing: climbing uses UE and LE dissociations Cruise: beginning to add pelvic rotations to the cruising; his external rotation has decreased, but still uses marked hip flexion and abduction |
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Ten Months |
General: continues to practice skills learned during earlier months; -UE and fine motor skills are becoming more refined; when new fine motor skills are attempted, reverts to more stable fross motor positions -Continues to utilize kneeling, half-kneel, and climbing; control improves as he develops more pelvic-hip control and mobility Standing and cruising: continues to increase his trunk rotation over the weight bearing let; -During cruising, uses only one hand to stabilize himself as he turns and faces the direction in which he is moving -lowers from standing using a posterior weight shift, keeping one hand on the furniture Walking: supported by both hands, walks forward with less hip abduction, more hip ext, more pelvic rotation, and a greater LE step |
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Eleven Months |
General: increased exploration; smoothly transitions in/out of variety of positions because of well-developed balance reactions Standing: can rise to stande at furniture by actively extending his legs rather than by pulling himself up with his arms; uses minimal UE stability as control now comes from the hips and legs Walking: with one or two hands hel, the baby now has sufficient trunk control to actively assist with the lower trunk/LE weight shifting; -when he walks with both hands held, his step length is longer and he uses more pelvic rotation than he did at ten months; -if the baby attempts to walk alone, the high guard posture is dominant for trunk stability |
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Twelve Months |
General: sufficient trunk control to use lateral flexion and rotation as well as flexion and extension; righting reactions that are well integrated in most movements and equilibrium reactions are present in all positions except standing Standing: can rise to stand by sole use of legs; can shift weight laterally while standing and lift either leg alternately with high guard posture Walking: moves quickly because he has not yet developed the balance and control need to move slowly; as trunk control continues to increase, scapular adduction is no longer needed and the arms hang at his sides. |
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12-15 months |
Gross Motor: Walks without support, fast walking, walks backwards and sideways, bends over to look between legs, creeps upstairs, throws ball in sitting Fine Motor: Marks paper with crayon, builds tower wising two cubes, turns over small container to obtain contents |
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16-24 months |
Gross Motor: Squats in play; walks up/downstairs with one hand held, both feet/step; propels non-pedal toy (18 mo); kicks ball; throws ball forward, picks up toys from the floor and returns to stand Fine Motor: Folds paper, strings beads, stacks 6 cubes, imitates vertical and horzontal strokes with crayon on paper |
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Two years |
Gross Motor: Rides tricycle (2-2.5 years), walks on tiptoes, runs on toes, walks upstairs alternating feet with one hand on rail/wall, carches large ball in both hands Fine Motor: Turns knob, opens and closes jar, buttons large buttons, uses child-sized scissors with help, does puzzles |
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Pre-school age (3-4 years) |
Gross Motor: Throws ball 10 ft, walks on a line 10 ft, hops on one foot, jumps forward with both feet together, jumps ofer obstacles, throws and catches small ball Fine Motor: Controls crayons more effectively, copies circle or cross, matches colors, cuts with scissors, draws human figure with head and 2 extremities, draws squares, may demonstrate hand preference |
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Early school age (5-8 years) |
Gross Motor: Skips on alternate feet; gallops; can play hopscotch, balance on one foot, controlled hopping; jumps with rhythm and control (jump rope); bounces lard ball; kicks ball with greater controll Fine Motor: Hand preference evident; prints well, starting to learn cursive; able to button/unbotton |
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Later school age (9-12 years) |
Gross Motor: Mature patterns of movement in throwing, jumping, running; competitiveness increases, enjoys competitive games; improved balance, coordination, endurance, attention span Fine Motor: Develops greater control in hand usage, learns to draw, handwriting is developed. |
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Adolescence (13+ years) |
Gross Motor: Rapid growth in size and strength, boys more than girls -puberty leads to changes in body proportions; COG rises towards shoulders for boys, towards hips for girls -Balance skills, coordination, eye-hand coordination, endurance may plateau during growth spurt -skills are perfected and stabilized -preference for various sports and athletic activities emerge Fine Motor: Develops greater dexterity in fingers for fine tasks (sewing, arts, crafts) |
