Competition

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competition

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when 2 or more organisms use the same resource(s) that is in short supply, such that each organism has a negative effect on the other

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intraspecific competition

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within a species

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interspecific competition

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between two species

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exploitative competition

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scramble - individuals use the same resources but don't come in contact

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interference

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contest - direct contact between individuals competing for the same resource

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dispersal

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moving to a different area from where one was born

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niche overlap

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predicts the potential for competition

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niche according to Hutchinson

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an n-dimensional hypervolume

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niche

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an ecological role or function of an organism in a community, the total use of all the biotic and abiotic resources

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fundamental niche

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the entire set of conditions in which organisms can survive and reproduce

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realized niche

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the portion of the fundamental niche that is occupied by individuals after interactions are considered

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niche breadth

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width along one dimension

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competitive exclusion principle

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complete competitors cannot coexist

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niche partitioning

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use slightly different niches or resource utilization to keep from competing

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niche shifts

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may shift their realized niche in response to the presence of other species, aka competitive release

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character displacement

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have different morphologies depending on their competitors

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limiting similarity

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a regular seperation of body size in similar species, often associated with food type

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1.3 rule

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by looking at the size series of 12 different groups of species, Hutchinson found that they were seperated on average by a ratio of 1.3

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ghost of competiton past

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we don't know what happened in the past but we suggest competition

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exploitation

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interaction in which one individual does better while the other individual does worse

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predation

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when one organism obtains nutrients by killing another

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intraguild predation

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eating a competitor

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search predators

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finding prey is hard, catching is easy

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pursuit predators

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finding prey is easy, catching is not

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numerical responses

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a population-level response to prey

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functional responses

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a individual-level response to prey

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switching

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when predators change their food preferences depending on which foods are common or rare

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optimal foraging

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organsims should be economical and maximize benefits and minimize costs

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ectoparasites

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live outside hosts, obtain nutrients by sucking fluid

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endoparasites

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live inside hoss, usually more specialized

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microparasites

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live within hosts cells

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macroparasites

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live in or on the host, release infective stages outside the hosts body

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brood parasites

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lay eggs in a conspecific or heterospecific nest to trick the adults into rearing the parasites offspring with their own

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parasitoids

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parasites which reach maturity by killing the host in the process, part para and part pred.

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transmission

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transfer of the parasite from one host to the next

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indirect transmission

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transfer from one primary host to another via intermediate or secondary host.

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direct transmission

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no secondary host

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parasite prevalence

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the proportion of a host population infected with a parasite

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parasite intensity

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the number of parasites on a particular host