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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interspecific Competition
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the simultaneous demand between two or more species-populations for a resource that is not abundant enough to support all of them at the sizes they would attain in the absence of the other species-populations
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the simultaneous demand between two or more species-populations for a resource that is not abundant enough to support all of them at the sizes they would attain in the absence of the other species-populations
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Interspecific Competition
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Competition Coefficients
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quantitative measures of the negative effects of an individual of one species on an individual of a second species; used to relate the size of one species-population to the size of the other; denoted α12 and α21
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quantitative measures of the negative effects of an individual of one species on an individual of a second species; used to relate the size of one species-population to the size of the other; denoted α12 and α21
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Competition Coefficients
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Equilibrium Population Sizes
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combinations of N1 and N2 for which the growth rate = 0 for each species-population
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combinations of N1 and N2 for which the growth rate = 0 for each species-population
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Equilibrium Population Sizes
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Isoclines
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lines of no growth or change
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lines of no growth or change
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Isoclines
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Unstable Equilibrium
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an equilibrium point at which, if either population changes, the population sizes will diverge from, rather than return to, the equilibrium point; a combination of population sizes at which the two populations could coexist, but when the combination changed, no impetus exists to return to the equilibrium population sizes
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an equilibrium point at which, if either population changes, the population sizes will diverge from, rather than return to, the equilibrium point; a combination of population sizes at which the two populations could coexist, but when the combination changed, no impetus exists to return to the equilibrium population sizes
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Unstable Equilibrium
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Stable Equilibrium
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the combination of population sizes that will ultimately result regardless of the initial combination of population sizes
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the combination of population sizes that will ultimately result regardless of the initial combination of population sizes
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Stable Equilibrium
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We can examine competition by:
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modifying the logistic equation to obtain the Lotka-Volterra Model.
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Competition coefficients measure:
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the effect of one species on another competing species.
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The outcome of competition can be found by graphing:
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he equilibrium population sizes obtained form the Lotka-Volterra Model.
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The outcome of competition depends upon:
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the relative strength of intraspecific competition (the carrying capacity) and the effect of the competing species (the competition coefficient times the number of individuals of that species).
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Competition also can be modeled by:
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examining resources rather than population growth equations.
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COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
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If two species-populations are limited by the same resource, then one of them ultimately will exclude the other
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If two species-populations are limited by the same resource, then one of them ultimately will exclude the other
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COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
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ECOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENT
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the species-populations may partition the environment
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the species-populations may partition the environment
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ECOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENT
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CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT
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adapt in some other way to the selective pressure
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adapt in some other way to the selective pressure
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CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT
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Competition should cause changes in
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one or both of the species-populations
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one or both of the species-populations
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Competition should cause changes in
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Competition should cause changes in one or both of the species-populations, but they are hard to spot, because:
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1.limiting factors other than competition occur in nature,
2.many opportunities exist in nature for partitioning to occur, 3.organisms and the environment can change in nature 4.organisms can immigrate in nature |
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Natural experiments and, especially, manipulations can help, but they sacrifice
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naturalness for efficiency
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The Lotka-Volterra Model is based on:
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the logistic model for population growth
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Competition coefficients relate:
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the size of one species-population to the size of the other
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This relates the size of one species-population to the size of the other:
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Competition coefficients
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