Comparative Vertebrae Anatomy: Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

In the appendicular skeleton we see paired fins, limbs, associated girdles. In fish these paired structures are used for ____________, in terrestrial animals these paires structures are ures for ____________.

Back 1

-stability

-locomotion

Front 2

Paired fins likely developed from....

Back 2

fin / skin folds which ran along the ventral sides of the body

Front 3

___________________ lack paired fins.

Back 3

Agnathans

Front 4

__________________ have a contiguous dorsal caudal fin.

Back 4

lamprey

Front 5

What is important about gnathostomes in reference to the appendicular skeleton?

Back 5

-first pelvic girdles

Front 6

__________________ have a simple pelvic girdle, seen as a single bony element
-also the pectoral girdle is comprised of several skeletal elements

Back 6

placoderms

Front 7

____________________ have girdle bars.

Back 7

condrichthyans

Front 8

Term for pelvic bar?

Back 8

pubioschiac

Front 9

Term for pectoral bar?

Back 9

scapulocoracoid bar

Front 10

In osteichthyes, new girdle elements are added. What are some examples?

Back 10

bony fish use their fins for quick maneuvering and braking

Front 11

In actinopterybians fins are repositioned, give examples (2)

Back 11

-pectoral fins move dorsolaterally (most elements are derived from dermal bone)
-pelvic fins move ventrally

Front 12

In _________________, specializations arise to support fleshy fins

Back 12

sarcopterygians

Front 13

What is the new, important structures seen in rhipidistians?

Back 13

-interclavicles (run between the two clavicles forming a complete circle)
-humerus /radius / ulna
-femur / fibula / tibia

Front 14

Tetrapods have a pentadactylous condition.

-Reptiles have ____ digits
-Amphibians have ____ digits
-Aves have ____ digits
-Mammals have ____ digits

Back 14

-reptiles = 5
-amphibians = 4
-aves = 3
-mammals = 1-5

Front 15

In tetrapods the girdles are more robust, the pectoral girdle is ___________ from the skull, and the pelvic girdle is ___________ with the axial skeleton.

Back 15

-disarticulated

-articulated

Front 16

3 contributions to the pelvic girdle

Back 16

illium / ischium / pubis

Front 17

In ______________ the illiim, ischium, and pubis are all fused together. This forms a structure called the ____________.

Back 17

-birds

-innominate bone

Front 18

Modern tetrapods retain movement by .....

Back 18

lateral undulation

Front 19

Most amphibians and reptiles use a sprawling posture, what are the key features?

Back 19

-limbs and feet outside body
-feet 90 degree angle from body
-vertebral column flexes laterally

Front 20

What are key features when posture moves away from sprawling?

Back 20

-limbs brought under / closer to body
-feet turn forward
-expansion of scapula
-vertebral column flexes vertically
-limbs swing back and forth

Front 21

What are the 5 different types of locomotion?

Back 21

1. Cursorial (walking / running)
2. Arborial (braciation)
3. Aerial (flying / gliding)
4. Aquatic (swimming)
5. Fossorial (digging/ burrowing)

Front 22

Modified skeletal structures for aquatic locomotion?

Back 22

-stream lined body
-prominent tail
-reduced or absent limbs / girdles

Front 23

Three vertebrate groups that use flight...

Back 23

-Birds
-Bats
-Pterosaurs

Front 24

Modified skeletal structures for aerial locomotion?

Back 24

-extended metacarpals and phalanges
-fusions and elaborations of axial skeleton
-(synsacrum / fused sacral region / elaborate sternum for pectoral muscle attachment / reduced bone density / more flexible bones primarily in the rib cage)

Front 25

What is the furcula?

Back 25

wishbone

Front 26

What are factors that determine efficiency of cursorial locomotion?

Back 26

-stride length (length of limbs)
-stride rate (quickness of limbs)

Front 27

Cursorial locomotion posture, only plant the tips of their toes on the ground?

-3 examples

Back 27

-unguligrade

-deer / antelope / horse

Front 28

Cursorial locomotion posture, plant their entire digit but not their heel on the ground?

-3 examples

Back 28

-digitigrade

-cats / dogs / hippos

Front 29

Cursorial locomotion posture, plant their entire foot on the ground?

-3 examples

Back 29

-plantigrade

-humans / squirrels / bears

Front 30

What is unique about the orientation of the limbs seen on faster animals (2)

Back 30

-limb muscles are more inward closer to their body core

-have long tendons

Front 31

Why do lungfish burrow?

Back 31

to keep hydrated

Front 32

Why do amphibians burrow?

Back 32

to stay moist as well as not to freeze

Front 33

Why do reptiles burrow?

Back 33

not to freeze

Front 34

Why do mammals burrow?

Back 34

utilize underground tunnel systems for a home

Front 35

Modified skeletal structures for fossorial locomotion?
(mammals / frogs and toads / limbless reptiles and amphibians)

Back 35

-Mammals: modified forelimbs
-Frogs / Toads: robust hind limbs
-Limbless reptiles and amphibians: robust skull plates and scales