Anatomy Lecture 9 Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

Back 1

Four appendages. Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. Pectoral girdle attaches upper limbs with axial skeleton and pelvic girdle attaches lower limbs with axial skeleton.

Front 2

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?

Back 2

the clavicle (anteriorly) and scapula (posteriorly) make up the pectoral girdle. The clavicle has a sternal end and a acromial end.

Front 3

What is the function of the clavicle?

Back 3

To push the scapula away from the posterior thoracic cavity. A broken clavicle allows the upper limb to fall forward.

Front 4

What are components of scapula?

Back 4

From the anterior view the scapula consists of the acromion, the coracoid process, and the glenoid fossa(head of humerus articulates with glenoid fossa). From the posterior view, the spine protudes and the glenoid fossa can also be seen

Front 5

What is the upper limb (extremity) composed of?

Back 5

The arm which connects the shoulder to the elbow, the forearm with connects the elbow and the wrist, and the hand.

Front 6

What is the arm composed of?

Back 6

The arm is composed of a large bone called the humerus. The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. There are two tubercles, greater and lesser which attach to muscles. There is an intertubercular groove. There is a deltoid tuberosity where the deltoid muscle connects. Also, the medial and lateral epicondyles are forearm muscle attachment sites.

Front 7

Explain the proximal and distal ends of the humerus.

Back 7

The distal end of the humerus is the end that attaches to the elbow joint. At that point there are two articulating surfaces. These are the capitulum on the lateral, and the trochlea on the medial side. The capitulum articulates with the head of the radius while the trochlea articulates with the proximal head of the ulna.

Front 8

Explain the components of the forearm

Back 8

The forearm has a trochlear notch that articulates with the trochlea from the humerus on the medial side. The head of the radius of the forearm articulates with the capitulum of the humerus on the lateral side. Interosseous membrane (fibrous joint) holds the radius and ulna together. There is also a radial notch that allows the radius to rotate along the ulna. There are two styloid processes on the distal end of the forearm. The tuberosity of the radius is the attachment point for the biceps brachii here for supination. Note that the ulna is not involved in the wrist joint but the two bones articulate with the ulnar notch on the radius.

Front 9

Components of the hand (wrist)

Back 9

8 carpal bones organized into two rows. Bottom row bones are scaphoid, lunate, triqetrum, and pisiform. Top row bones (distal) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate.

Front 10

Components of the hand (finger bones)

Back 10

For each finger, metacarpals and then proximal, middle and distal phalagnes. Thumb does not have a middle phalanx.

Front 11

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

Back 11

Three bones. A right and left hip bone (os coxae) and the intervening sacrum(axial skeleton). Hip bones are held together anteriorly by pubic symphysis(fibrocartilage joint) and posteriorly there are sacroiliac joints on each side of the sacrum.

Front 12

How does the hip bone form?

Back 12

Embryologically from three bones: illium, ischium and pubis. Bones fuse in central region called acetabulum. At acetabulum femur inserts at hip joint.

Front 13

Major landmarks of ilium, ischium and pubic bones

Back 13

Ilium-ASIS, PSIS, iliac crest. Ischium-Ischial tuberocity and ischial spine. Pubic-Superior/Inferior Pubic Ramis

Front 14

What do the lower limbs consist of?

Back 14

Thigh(hip to knee), leg(knee to ankle), foot(ankle to toes).

Front 15

What are the parts of the thigh?

Back 15

Head of femur which articulates with acetabulum of hip bone. Greater and lesser trochanter on proximal end and medial and lateral epicondyles on distal side. Patella is largest sesamoid bone in body. Patella has posterior articular surface that participates in knee joint.

Front 16

What are the parts of the leg?

Back 16

Tibia(medial) and fibula(lateral). Bones anchored together by interosseous membrane. Femur only articulates with tibia at knee joint. Proximal and distal tibiofibular joints. Lateral and medial malleloi that surround the ankle.

Front 17

What are components of foot (tarsal bones)?

Back 17

Tarsal bones of the ankle are arranged in 3 rows: proximal, middle and distal. In the proximal: talus and calcaneus. Middle row: navicular and cuboid. In the distal row: medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform.

Front 18

What are components of foot?(after ankle plus toes)

Back 18

Metatarsals then proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. Like thumb, the big toe does not have middle phalanx.