Community & Public Health Nursing Examination One

Front 1

Community & Public Health Nursing

Back 1

- Is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice
- Has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations
- Focuses on health promotion/maintenance
- Is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to pt demand

Front 2

Mission of Public Health

Back 2

Social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible

Front 3

Community

Back 3

Group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals

Front 4

Core Public Health Function

Back 4

Assessment: regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks and resources in a community
Policy Dev: use of info gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies
Assurance: focuses on availability of necessary health services throughout the community. Includes maintaining ability of public and private providers to manage day-to-day operations and capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies

Front 5

Core Public Health Function: Assessment

Back 5

- Monitor health status to identify community health problems
- Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
- Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

Front 6

Core Public Health Function: Policy Development

Back 6

- Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
- Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
- Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
- Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

Front 7

Core Public Health Function: Assurance

Back 7

- Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
- Link people to needed personal health services and ensure provision of care when otherwise unavailable
- Ensure competent public health and personal health care workforce
- Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of health care services
- Research for new insights and innovative slns to health problems

Front 8

Three Levels of Prevention

Back 8

Primary: prevention before problems occur; health promotion and health protection
Secondary: early detection and intervention; early diagnosis and treatment
Tertiary: correction/prevention of deterioration of disease state; limitation of disability and rehabilitation

Front 9

Examples of Levels of Prevention

Back 9

Primary: Promotion of good nutrition, provision of adequate shelter, encouraging regular exercise, immunization, water purification
Secondary: Mammography, blood pressure screening, scoliosis screening, papanicolaou smears
Tertiary: Teaching how to perform insulin injections, referral of pt with spinal cord injury for OT/PT, leading support group for grieving pts

Front 10

Levels of Prevention: Individual

Back 10

Primary: dietary teaching during pregnancy, immunizations
Secondary: HIV testing, cervical CA testing
Tertiary: insulin admin, exercise therapy after stroke, skin care for incontinent pt

Front 11

Levels of Prevention: Family

Back 11

Primary: education about smoking, dental care, or nutrition
Secondary: dental examination, TB testing
Tertiary: mental health counseling/referral for family in crisis, dietary instructions and monitoring for family with overweight members

Front 12

Level of Prevention: Group

Back 12

Primary: birthing classes for pregnant teenage mothers, AIDS and STD education for high school students
Secondary: vision screening of first grade class, mammography van for women in low income neighborhood, hearing tests at senior ctr
Tertiary: group counseling for grade school children with asthma, swim therapy for physically disabled elders at senior ctr, AA and other self-help groups, mental health services for military veterans

Front 13

Level of Prevention: Community

Back 13

Primary: fluoride water supplementation, environmental sanitation, removal of environmental hazards
Secondary: organized screening programs for communities like health fairs, VDRL screening for marriage license applicants, lead screening for children by school district
Tertiary: shelter and relocation centers for fire/earthquake victims, emergency medical services, community mental health services for chronically mentally ill, home care services for chronically ill

Front 14

Public Health Nursing Practice

Back 14

Focus on community as a whole and effect of community health status on health of individuals, families, and groups

Front 15

Community Health Nursing Practice

Back 15

Focus on health of individuals, families, and groups and the effect on the health of the community as a whole

Front 16

Community Based Nursing Practice

Back 16

Focus on individuals and families where they live, work, and go to school; care is setting specific and the emphasis is on acute and chronic care

Front 17

APHA Definition of Public Health Nursing

Back 17

Uses knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences to promote and protect health of populations; practice is systematic process of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation; results of practice used to promote health and prevent disease; responsibility to population as a whole

Front 18

ANA Definition of Community Health Nursing

Back 18

Synthesis of nursing practice and public health to promote and preserve the health of populations; care is general and comprehensive, not episodic; holistic approach to mgmt of health care; responsibility to population as whole, but care directed to individuals, families, and groups

Front 19

Public Health Nursing Intervention Wheel

Back 19

- Framework for community and public health nursing practice
- Three elements: it is population based, it contains three levels of practice (community, systems, and individual/family), and it identifies and defines 17 public health interventions
- Levels of practice and interventions are directed at improving population health
- Five wedges consisting of 17 health interventions
- 17 Interventions: surveillance, disease and health event investigation, outreach, screening, referral and follow up, case mgmt, delegated functions, health teaching, counseling, consultation, collaboration, coalition building, community organizing, advocacy, social marketing, policy dev and envorcement

Front 20

Endemic

Back 20

Diseases that are always present in a population; Area specific; colds and PNA

Front 21

Epidemic

Back 21

Diseases that are not always present in a population but flare up on occasion; large numbers; diptheria and measles

Front 22

Pandemic

Back 22

The existence of disease in a large proportion of the population; a global epidemic; HIV, AIDS, annual outbreak of influenza type A

Front 23

Pre-recorded Historic Times

Back 23

- Practices based on superstition or sanitation
- Health practices evolved to ensure survival

Front 24

Classic Times

Back 24

- Devised ways to flush water; constructed drainage systems
- Developed pharmaceutical preparations
- Embalmed the dead
- Dealt with pollution
- Hygiene code to protect food and water
- Greek and Roman impact public health

Front 25

Middle Ages

Back 25

- Monasteries promoted collective activity to protect public health
- Churches enforced hygenic code
- Pandemic ravaged the world in the 14th century
- Modern public health practices (isolation, disinfection, quarantines)

Front 26

Renaissance

Back 26

- Theory about cause of infection evolved
- Leeuwenhoek described microscopic organisms
- Elizabethan Poor Laws: enacted in England in 1601, held the church parishes responsible for providing relief for the poor

Front 27

18th Century

Back 27

- Industrial Revolution occurred
- Poor children forced into labor
- Vaccination discovered by Edward Jenner
- Sanitary Revolution's public health reforms taking place

Front 28

19th Century

Back 28

- Communicable diseases ravaged the population that lived in unsanitary conditions
- Edwin Chadwick examined death rates by occupation and class in England
- Establishment of the General Board of Health for England in 1848
- Public health laws enacted in 1849 (healthy mental and physical dev of citizens, prevention of all dangers to health, control of disease)
- John Snow demonstrated transmission of cholera in public water source
- Waves of epidemics in US
Lemuel Shattuck published vital statistics in Massachusetts; called for child health reform
- First Board of Health (and AMA) formed in 1848
- Efforts focused on determinants of health
- Advent of "modern" health care