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414 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Media Objective
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informs
persuades entertains |
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gatekeepers
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control the flow of ideas for whatever reason they see fit
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culture
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set of values and shared beliefs
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Cultural imperialism/hegemony
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U.S. exports more media than it imports, forcing U.S. beliefs on foreign consumers
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Source
Mediator Reciever Impact Feedback |
Media Impact model
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Noise
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Anything that causes the message to be perceived/received differently than intended
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Telecommunication Act of 1996
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removed most restrictions reguarding media ownership, resulting in limited control of major media outlets and slimmer choice of viewpoint
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Vertical Monopoly
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one entity has control of production, distribution, and exhibition
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ex: movie production companies in the 40s
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Horizontal Monopolies
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owning several types of related businesses
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ex: Clear Channel
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AOL-Time Warner owns...
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WB Film Studios
AOL Netscape CNN People Time Sports Illustrated |
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Viacom/CBS own...
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CBS
Paramount Film/TV Blockbuster Video Cable Networks (MTV) Radio Networks Cable Systems Outdoor Advertising |
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GE-NBC-Universal owns...
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GE
NBC Universal Film/TV Telemundo TV networks |
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Disney owns...
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Disney Film/TV
ABC TV ESPN Pixar 10 TV stations Disney Amusement Parks Professional Hockey/Baseball teams The Muppets |
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News Corporation
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Owned by Rupert Murdoch
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News Corporation owns..
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20th Century Fox films
TV stations (Ch. 4) New York Post Wall St. Journal MySpace TV Guide HarperCollins publishing Avon Books Marketing and PR firms Recording studios National Rugby League |
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Cultivation Theory
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Media defines the world for us
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Agenda setting
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result of gatekeeping
can be small issues or large issues order or emphasis reflects importance |
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Payne Fund Studies 1929
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studied the impact movies had on behavior
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Powerful effects model; Magic Bullet Theory; Hypodermic Theory
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"media has direct impact on its users," causal relationship between media and publics
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ex: war of the worlds broadcast, 1938
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Limited Effects Theory
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"effects limited by individual differences and other factors"
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Opinion Leader/Two-step Flow Theory
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"target opinion leader with message, who then gets others in public to follow"
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ex: Oprah
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Reinforcement Theory
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"media further entrenches people in already existing beliefs"
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Individual Differences Theory
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"people are different, so react differently", individuals seek out media that agrees w/ beliefs
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Disinance theory
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users avoid media that won't agree w/ beliefs
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Selection theory/ process
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1. viewers are selective about exposure
2. users make selections about what they perceive/notice 3. retention depends on what we agree/disagree with |
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Imperical research
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used to try and figure out what media effects were in a scientific context; uses numbers
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ex: impact of violent tv shows on children in the 1960s
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Wilbur Schramm
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did tests on children in 1960s to study impact of violent tv; studies include kids in rooms watching tv with violent elements
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Qualitative Research
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study of culture, doesn't use numbers
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Marshall McLuhan
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"the medium is the message", message is shaped by the medium it is seen through
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Global Village
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media makes our world smaller
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Diffusion of innovation theory
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explains different types of media consumers
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Innovator
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HAVE to get new technology
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Early Majority
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get new technology when it is still relatively new
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Late Majority
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get new technology only if it has proven very good/beneficial
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Laggards
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late to conform to technology, if they don't refuse to conform altogether
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European Industrial Revolution
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1750-1880, causes people to develop need for mass communication
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American Industrial Revolution
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1840-1900, causes people to develop need for communication
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Johannes Gutenburg
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Uses first printing press to print the Gutenburg bible, 1465
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L. Daguerre and N. Niepce
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Invent photography, 1839; first picture of Paris rooftops
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Samuel F. B. Morse
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invents telegraphs, 1839; first effective form of communication across distances
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Alexander Graham Bell
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invents the telephone, 1876; meant to develop hearing aid
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Thomas Alva Edison
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invents the phonograph, 1877; record player, intended for business dictation; formed company that would become GE
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Analog world
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media world before the use of digital media
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cross promotion
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use of different media to promote each other; may lead to only "cinematic" books being published
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ex: HP movie, book, games, etc.
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The Whole Book of Psalms
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1644, first book printed in America
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Poor Richard's Almanack
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1732, published by Benjamin Franklin; one of first books printed in America
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Important Books in America
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A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens, 1843
Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1851 |
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Dime Novels/ Pulp Novels
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cost 10 cents, usually about fantastical subjects, such as American Myth of the West
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Paperbacks
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Appeared in the 1940s
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Public Domain
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contains most classics, books that are out of copyright, books allowed to be used creatively by author
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Audiobooks
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Appear in the 1990s
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e-books
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books that are in digital print rather than in book form, appear in 1997
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Project Gutenburg
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f. 1971 by Michael S. Hart
27,000 free books in public domain |
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Google Books
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Introduced in 2008, has 7 million free books
Partners include: University of Michigan Harvard Stanford Oxford New York Library |
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Major Book Publishers
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Bartelsman AG
Pearson News Corp Time Warner Holtzbrinck |
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Newspaper in Early America
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Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick, 1690 Benjamin Harris
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seditious libel laws
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made it illegal to publish derogatory or potentially inflammatory remarks about the government or its members in Early America
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Zenger
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published true facts about the governor of New York, tried for libel, and won his case; American jury backs the freedom of the press
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Partisan Press
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newspapers owned by certain party in early America
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ex: Whigs owned a paper, Tories owned another
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Mercantile Press
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provided news about business and shipping
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Federalist Papers
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circulated by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay
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aided in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution
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editorial page
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contains opinion pieces
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hard news
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front page; contains stories about current events that have an impact on peoples lives
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feature news/soft news
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human interest and curiosity pieces
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ethnic press
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newspapers aimed at a particular cultural groups
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penny press
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1830s, inexpensive, advertiser-supported newspapers
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News Hole
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amount of space devoted to editorial content, determined by amount of advertisement space sold
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byline
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line at the beginning of a new story that gives the authors name and location, started in the civil war years
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yellow journalism
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1890s, reporting style composed of high sensationalism
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investigative journalism
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reporting that uncovers something someone had been trying to conceal
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stunt journalism
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Nellie Bly; when a reporter uses some extreme exploit to publicize a story
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Ida B. Wells-Burnett
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African American woman, brought attention to lynching in the South, published Free Press newspaper
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jazz journalism
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form of sensationalism used in the 1920s
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chain newspapers
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a chain of newspapers opened and owned by the same individual;
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Edward Wyllis Scripps
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founded first modern newspaper chain
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Rupert Murdoch
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Owns NewsCorp
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Sumner Redstone
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owns Viacom/CBS
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Jefferey Bewks
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CEO and Chairman of AOL-Time-Warner
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Mark Mays
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owns Clear Channel
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John Peter Zenger
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editor of NY Weekly, accused of libel
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Federalist Papers
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published essays that allowed for public debate for a new framework for gov't; written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
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Penny Press
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cheap newsprint, cost one penny
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New York Sun
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first major daily newspaper, 1833; Owned by Benjamin Day
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Benjamin Day
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created the newshole
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News hole
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once you know the amount of advertising you had, you know how much editorial you can print
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Wire Services
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nonpartisan services that collect news from everywhere and wire it to other papers
New York Associated Press, 1848 AP, 1900 Renters, 1851 |
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yellow journalism
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term comes from the "Yellow Kid" comic; facts and truth of articles were changed to attract readership
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Joseph Pulitzer
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his journalists ran many expose pieces in the days of yellow journalism; established the Pulitzer Prize; first major advocate for formalizing journalism
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William Randolph Hearst
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rival of Pulitzer, was first for the people, then became tyrant; political power broker; decided who won presidency
"You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war" to Remington concerning the Cuban debauckle |
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Orson Wells
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Broadcaster, director, actor; Broadcasted the War of the Worlds in 1938; Did Citizen Kane, 1941, a movie about W.R.Hearst.
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Watergate Era
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1970s
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Bob Woodard and Carl Bernstein
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cracked the case on the Watergate scandal, caused Nixon to resign in 1974; worked to the Washington Post
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Largest Local Newspapers
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Dallas Morning News, 10th Largest; circ. 702,135
Star Telegram, 39th largest; circ. 304, 200 |
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Largest American Chains
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NYTimes (largest daily)
Gannett, owns USA Today McClatchy, owns Star Telegram |
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top rank official at newspaper, not involved with day to day activities
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Publisher
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oversees all other editors, guides the news paper; gatekeepers
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The Editor
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"All the News That's Fit To Print"
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New York Times
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determine layout and use of the news hole
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designers
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work w/ editors, designers
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reporters
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general assignment
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cover w/e needs to be covered that day
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writes for a regularly scheduled space about the same thing
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columnist
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syndicated columnist
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sent from home paper to other papers
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in charge of distribution and delivery
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circulation
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sell ad space in the newspaper
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ad brokers
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Magazine evolution
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elite
popular specialized |
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First American Magazines
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Amercan Magazine, Andrew Bradford (3 issues)
General Magazine, Benjamin Franklin (6 issues) only lasted briefly; costly and low literacy |
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Ladies Home Journal
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1883, owned by Cyrus Curtis
Louise Curtis added content for women like sheet music, recipes, fiction |
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muckrakers
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investigative reporters, exposed unsafe working conditions, corrupt business men and dirty politics
allowed cause there were less advertisers |
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paid for by organizations, corporations; don't have big news stand sales
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Sponsored Magazines
ex: National Geographic, AARP magazine |
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Trade Magazines
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Broadcating and Cable
Journal of Broadcasting and Electric Media National Hog Farmer |
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Professional Journals
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come in volumes, include AMA Journal, Columbia Journalism Review, New England Journal of Medicine, etc...
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Consumer Magazines
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People
TV Guide Cosmo Reader's Digest Rolling Stone |
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Specialty Magazines
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Opera News
D Magazine Gun Dog |
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News Magazines
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Time
Newsweek US News and World Report |
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Henry Luce
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founded Time in 1923
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Controlled Magazine
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Airline or Hotel Magazines
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magazine that has highest revenue
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People magazine
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magazine with highest circulation
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Readers Digest
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biggest single publisher, includes MAD, DC Comics, Sports Illustrated
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Time Warner
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Conde Nast
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does upscale magazines, such as Vanity Fair, GQ, Vogue, New Yorker
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Hearst Magazines
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Cosmo
Redbook O Seventeen Good Housekeeping Esquire |
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where magazines sell
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supermarkets (Walmart sells 15% of all magazines in the US)
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small staff, several editors, most writing is done by freelancing
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magazine structure
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outnumber people 2 to 1
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radios
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"wireless telegraphy"
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old school term for radio; because telegraphs were hardwired, radio was not
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Heinrich Hertz
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discovered radio waves and the ways they can be controlled
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Guglielmo Marconi
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inspired by Ben Franklin, created radio while missing his father that was out at sea; only saw radio as an extension of the telegraph for Morse code
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Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
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wanted the radio to carry more than just Morse code, did first voice broadcast on Christmas Eve 1906
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Lee De Forest
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created the radio tube (audion or vacuum tube), which was usedin analog technology
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all ships required to have radios
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Wireless Ship Act of 1910
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all ships must leave on radio 24/7 for safety, due to Titanic crash; gov't recognition of the "chaos in the ether"
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The Radio Act of 1912
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David Sarnoff
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legendary telegraph operator, stayed at telegraph for three days reporting on the Titanic crash; predicted the use of the "radio music box"; headed RCA and NBC
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Call letters
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stations east of the Mississippi get a W, west of the Mississippi get a K
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patent pools
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allowed by gov't during WWI, encouraged the development of other radios to shove Marconi out of business; American Marconi is eventually absorbed by RCA
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RCA
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Radio Corporation of America, created in 1919; includes GE, Westinghouse, ATT, United Fruit
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KDKA
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Pittsburgh, 1920; considered first radio station; called "The Farmers Station"; broadcast the election of 1920
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Frank Conrad
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did experimental broadcasts from home and on top of Westinghouse headquarters, was an engineer
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"The Farmer's Station"
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KDKA nickname, proved that radio was more useful in surrounding rural areas than urban areas
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First Broadcast Commercial
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WEAF, New York, 1922; sold to whoever wanted radio time to advertise
1st b-cast for vacant apartments |
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Major Radio Networks
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NBC- 1926, Sarnoff
CBS- 1927, Paley AT&T Mutual |
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Radio Act of 1927
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Federal Radio Commission was created to make sure radio was used for "public interest, convenience, OR necessity"
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Communications Act of 1934
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FCC created to include more than just radio (telephone and later, television); replaces FCR
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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deregulated radio station ownership, gave rise to conglomerates in an effort to include new media and relies on marketpace regulation
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The Golden Age of Radio
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1930s-1950s
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Ma Perkins
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show in the Golden Age that began celebrity endorsement and later gave rise to product placement
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Amos & Andy
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Radio show in the Golden Age that had white actors playing black men, considered racist though it had big African American listenership
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Variety shows
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headlines by comedians or singers, sometimes even tap dancers; Bergen and McCarthy were a classic variety show, even though Bergen was a ventriloquist
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Crossley ratings
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rated listeners
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War of the Worlds broadcast
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Oct. 30, 1938; Orson Welles did broadcast of the adaptation by H.G. Wells; done for Mercury Theater on the Air; proved the power of the media, excited advertisers
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anthology series
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radio program that had a different broadcast every week
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Tokyo Rose
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Japanese women broadcast on radio, talk to specific men on islands to instigate the men
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Lord Haw Haw
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propaganda that targeted British/European soldiers
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Edward R. Murrow
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was a reporter during the war, later became a TV reporter; reported from England before US entered the war, making it more tangible for Americans by allowing them to hear bombs
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Formatted radio
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post WWII radio, stations start specializing
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Gordon McLendon
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broadcaster at KLIF Dallas, noticed that people only selected about 40 songs from the standard juke box, developing the Top 40
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Top 40
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developed by looking at sales charts to decide what songs to put on radio playlists
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Disc Jockeys
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allowed for differentiation between radio stations; chose which songs would be played
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Transistor Radio
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1954, allowed radio to go wherever you went
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Elvis Presley
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appeared in 1956 as a recording artist, then went on tour; considered radical and rebellious because he sang the music of black musicians
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Alan Freed
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coined the term rock 'n roll
found guilty of payola |
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payola
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term used to describe when DJs were payed to play songs by certain artists; wasn't initially illegal, but was outlawed in the 60s; continues today
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Edwin Armstrong
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1939, created the first FM radio for Sarnoff
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Iron Butterfly
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1968, In-a-gada-da-vida; album music
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talk radio
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dominant form of radio today
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Arbitron Ratings
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measure number of listeners, determines stations' popularity
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"The Clock"
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schedule of radio
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"The Book"
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ratings by Arbitron
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Board Op
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technicians for show
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Program Director
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gatekeeper, decides content
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Muybridge
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1878, proved horses hooves left the ground all at once
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created celluloid film in 1887
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Goodwin
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created continuous roll film in 1888
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Eastmann
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kinetograph
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took pictures using continuous roll film, when rotated look like a motion picture
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kinetoscope
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used to view pictures on the continuous roll film
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actually created the kinetograph and kinetoscope
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W.K.L. Dickson
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created the image projector in 1888
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Leprince
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Motion Picture Patents Co
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"The Trust", owned by Thomas Edison
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vaudeville
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troops of entertainers
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nickelodeons
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early movie houses, cost a nickel
sometimes shut down because it was a place for immigrants to hang out |
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Kuleshov Effect
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did an experiment that proved films tell stories visually; used the artful juxtaposition of images to convey meaning or evoke emotion
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Sergei Einstein
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Produced Battleship Potemkin, 1925
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The Silent Era
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1900-1927
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Primary creative force in film during silent era
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directors
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The Great Train Robbery
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1903, Edwin Porter wanted to tell a story through film
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Birth of a Nation
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1915, D.W. Griffith
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Lumiere brothers and Pathe Brothers
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French directors, inspired by Italian epics
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Mack Sennet
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Owned Keystone Studios, produced Keystone Cops
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Charlie Chaplin
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played the "little tramp", considered an arteur
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Fatty Arbuckle
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celebrated comedian, party animal; dead hooker found in his room, caused him to lose popularity
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Buster Keaton
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"stone face", never smiled though a comedian; actor/director
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Chaplin-Arbuckle film
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The Rounders, 1914
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United Artists studio
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1919, started with Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., D.W. Griffith, Mary Pickford
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The Gold Rush
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1925, Chaplin
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Wings
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1927, Clara Bow, the "It" Girl; First film to receive the Academy Award for Best Motion Picture
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Art Direction
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All visual elements for a film including lighting, costume, makeup, set, shooting angle
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Open form/ Closed form
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Open= far away frame, used in comedy
closed= close up headshots, used in dramas |
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German Expressionism
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Bold and Dark, often dealing in symbolism, but contained directness as well
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Metropolis
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1927, Fritz Lang
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Don juan
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1926, important movie w/ synchronized music and sounds
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The Jazz Singer
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1927, first talkie starring Al Jolson
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The Studio Era
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1930s-1970s
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Seven Major Studios
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Paramount
Disney Sony Warner Bros 20th Century Fox Universal Dreamworks |
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Recieve 90% of American Film Revenue
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Seven Major Studios
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Babies, Baseball, and Bowling
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reason for movie attendance slump after WWII
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Genres
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classification of films; allows a more manageable way to look at films and their impact on society
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share rules about story telling
stylistic similarities a value system |
films in the same genre
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Evolution of Film Genres
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Primitive
Classic Revisionist Parodic |
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film noir
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detective movies of the 40s, later made fun of in the 70s
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brought order to chaos
always a new stranger bringing order and truth to the American town made the American Cowboy an icon |
The Western
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Rocky Horror Picture Show
Napoleon Dynamite |
cult movies
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average cost of film production
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$60 million
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Average cost of film promotion
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$36.2 million
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Average film revenue
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$37.3 million
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pick up the slack for theater revenue
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DVDs
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begins film process, hires director then backs off; puts together the creative team; finds film funding
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Producer
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Executive Producer
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strictly funding
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Line Producer
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day to day monitor of production
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|
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|
makes most of the creative decisions
primary vision interprets the script creates the world of the film |
Director
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Editor
|
edits everything together, post production
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Art Director/Scenic Designer/ Production Designer
|
coordinate set design, costuming, makeup, props, lighting
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|
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John David and Charles Francis Jenkins
|
leaders in mechanical television system
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|
|
|
Vladimir Zworykin
|
invented the iconoscope in 1923, which was the eye of the camera, what picks up the image for television; worked at RCA
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Philo T Farnsworth
|
won the battle for a TV patent, different system than Zworykin
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1939 New York World's Fair
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First commercial TV Broadcast
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Format for TV
|
525 lines, 30 frames per second; varies around the world
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First four TV networks
|
NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont
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|
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had 3.9 million viewers, 3.5 million in bars
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1947 World Series
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shared his creative ideas, lead to his downfall; sold television
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DuMont
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completed coaxial network in 1951
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ATT
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|
|
|
defined by the reach of their broadcast signals
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Television/Media Markets
|
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FCC freeze on license applications
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1948-1952
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VHF channels
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2-13, Very High Frequency
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UHF channels
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14 and up, Ultra High Frequency
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Golden Age of Television
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1948-1958
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|
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first movie studio to do television show
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Disney, Disneyland, 1954; used to promote his theme park
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|
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made various western movies from stock footage
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Warner Bros
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|
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Variety Shows
|
comedians, singers, talent, live entertainment
Texaco Star Theater, Milton Berle Your Show of Shows: Sid Caesar, Mel Brooks, Woody Allen, Carl Reiner, Larry Gelbart, Nel Simon |
|
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Wrestling and Roller Derby
|
bar programming int he 1950s
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Fine Arts
|
for viewers in the home, networks commissioned operas from major composers
|
|
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Live Drama (Anthology series)
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Philco TV Playhouse, Kraft TC Theater, Playhouse 90
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|
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Westerns
|
dominated television in the 1950s
Gunsmoke Maverick, early WB Western with stock footage |
|
|
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Quiz shows
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often in prime time; Charles Van Doren had a quiz show scandal, rigged winnings
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|
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Daytime programming
|
Soap Operas, Children's programming
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|
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Art Linkletter
|
early star of daytime television, always had children content, did Kids say the Darndest Things
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|
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Kinescope
|
first way to save TV shows on tape
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Video Tape
|
created in 1956
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|
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The Ed Sullivan Show
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1948-1971
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Feb. 9, 1964
|
America sees the Beatles for the first time
|
|
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The Nielsens
|
do television ratings, not main business; measures audience behavior in all contexts
|
|
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Rating
|
estimated percentage of the universe of TV households tuned to a program at once
|
|
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Share
|
the percent of households using TV who are tuned to a specific station, program, or network in a specifiv area at a specific time
|
|
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|
highest rated single program
|
final episode of MASH, 1980s, 70% share
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|
|
|
wild mix of westerns, spy shows, and variety shows
|
Programming in the 1960s, reflected the genteration gap
|
|
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|
All networks begin broadcasting in color
|
1966
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|
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|
September 9th
|
Beatles Day
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|
|
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Snothers Brothers Comedy Hour
|
1965-66, cancelled while #16 rated show on CBS
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|
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|
1970s programming
|
Crime shows dominant; Police shows= mistrust of the cops
cops often called "Pigs" |
|
|
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Cable TV
|
CATV, fragments the television audience
|
|
|
|
Situation Comedy
|
Changed the value system of Sitcoms; ex: The Honeymooners, All in the Family, I Love Lucy
|
|
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I Love Lucy
|
1951-57; filmed in California; development of the Three Camera Technique
|
|
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|
Three Camera Technique
|
Multiple cameras film in front of live audience, but show is not aired live
|
|
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|
Norman Lear
|
TV producer of The Jeffersons, Maud, and Archie Bunker's Place
|
|
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|
Current Sitcom
|
More of a focus on redefining the notions of family in America; divorced, workplace families, as well as an emphasis on the friend model
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Animation in primetime
|
The Simpsons, Family Guy, South Park, King of the Hill
|
|
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|
Trends in Current Television
|
Forensic Cop Shows, Reality Shows
|
|
|
|
Edward R. Murrow
|
radio-to-TV CBS news personality; did various documentaries, as well as the battles with Sen. McCarthy; sponsored own broadcast response to McCarthy accusing him of being a communist supporter
"Good Night, and Good Luck" |
|
|
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Network News Broadcast
|
begin in 1948; didn't go to 30 min segments til 1963, before was 10 min; sent people to print media
|
|
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Walter Cronkite
|
CBS news anchor 1962-1981; Most trusted news man in America; visits Vietnam, returns and says US should withdraw, accelerates troop withdrawal
|
|
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60 Minutes
|
1968-present; Longest running show in primetime history
|
|
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CNN
|
Ted Turner launches in 1980
|
|
|
|
Cable
|
as old as TV, originally a means to deliver TV signals to rural areas that could not receive them
|
|
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CATV
|
Community Antenna TV
|
|
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|
Arthur C. Clarke
|
explained geostationary orbit in 1945
|
|
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|
Geostationary Orbit
|
allows a consistent satellite signal because the satellite is 22,300 miles above the earth, rotates at same speed
|
|
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|
Satellites
|
first in space in 1970s, cable gets new technology
|
|
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WTBS
|
1976; first Superstation; broadcast Braves games across country, brought programming to a different area
|
|
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superstations
|
nationally distributed local stations
|
|
|
|
HBO
|
Home Box Office, 1975; originally used to bring Rangers Hockey to Florida; a Premium service
|
|
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|
Premium service
|
required to pay extra to access channels
|
|
|
|
Cable in the 1980s
|
moves into urban industries, influenced broadcasting and the recording industry
|
|
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|
MTV
|
Music Television, 1981; music industry of the 1980s driven by music videos; network programming gets edgier
|
|
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MSO
|
Multiple System operator; ex: Comcast (#1), Time-Warner(#2)
|
|
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|
DBS or DTH
|
Direct Broadcast Satellite, or Direct to Home; about 30mil subscribers; DirectTV has 54% of market, Dish has the rest.
|
|
|
|
High Definition TV
|
Digital TV; 16 x 9 aspect ratio, instead of 4 x 5 on analog; resolution is 1080i; about 1/3 of homes has HDTV; will change the scope and compatibility of computers with TV format
|
|
|
|
Strawberry Fields Forever
|
1967, Beatles; changes the role of the producer to creator of background music
|
|
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|
Producers in Recording Industry
|
oversee recording session; add string arrangements, etc.; create the sound mix; engineers take the technical side
|
|
|
|
Sir George Martin
|
Producer for the Beatles, worked on Sgt. Pepper's Lonley Heart Band, which took months to produce
|
|
|
|
Emile Berliner
|
created flat discs, as opposed to the cylinders used for Edison's phonograph
|
|
|
|
Victor Talking Machine Co.
|
1901, later RCA-Victor; known as HMV in England for "His Master's Voice"; owned by Emile Berliner
|
|
|
|
Columbia Records
|
part of the beginnings of CBS= Columbia Broadcasting Systems
|
|
|
|
Ragtime
|
experienced rise with the phonograph, too hard to play; also spurred an increase in the purchase of the player piano
|
|
|
|
Tin Pan Alley
|
primarily piano accompanied music for Broadway
|
|
|
|
Music Licensing FIrms
|
ASCAP and BMI; make sure composers get paid for the use of their music; offer blanket licenses
|
|
|
|
blanket license
|
allows use of all music for a corporation
|
|
|
|
Jukebox
|
1927, became popular after WWII
|
|
|
|
Bill Haley and the Comets
|
first recording rock and roll icon, sang "Rock Around the Clock' and "Shake, Rattle, and Roll"
|
|
|
|
Elvis Presley
|
discovered by Sam Phillips, who owned Sun Studios in Tennessee, where Presley first recorded
|
|
|
|
Stereo Sound
|
1930s, widespread use in 1950s; allowed tracks to be placed either on the left, right, or in the center using speakers
|
|
|
|
LP
|
ran at 33 1/3 rpm, allowing more music to be put on a record
|
|
|
|
Certified Units
|
1 unit= 1 record sold
|
|
|
|
1970s
|
Disco Era
|
|
|
|
1980s
|
Digital Era; synthesizers dominated sound
|
|
|
|
Ry Cooder
|
recorded first digitally recorded album, Bop Til You Drop
|
|
|
|
CD
|
Compact Disc, 1982
|
|
|
|
Four Major Record Labels
|
Sony/BMG= CBS and RCA
EMI- British recording company Warner Universal |
|
|
|
In Rainbows
|
Album released by Radiohead online, free but could pay for it; proves altering relationship between artist and audience
|
|
|
|
Great Grandfather of the Internet
|
Samuel B. Morse; Morse code is a form of binary communication
|
|
|
|
Vannever Bush
|
Had idea for the Memex (1945); idea for hypertext on a machine for microfilm
|
|
|
|
Cold War
|
fuels technology race; ARPA is created
|
|
|
|
ARPA
|
Advanced Research Projects Agency; single manager for all defense research; responsible for internet
|
|
|
|
J. C. R. Ticklider
|
"Galactic Network" concept in 1962, MIT begins to help ARPA (no DARPA) network computers for first internet
|
|
|
|
ARPAnet
|
wanted to create a decentralized form of communication in case of nuclear attack; goes online in 1969; more efficient use of bandwidth
|
|
|
|
email
|
1972, inventedby Ray Tomilson at Cambridge, a Mass. Computer Scientist; used the @ to distinguish between senders name and network name in the mail address
|
|
|
|
TCP/IP
|
created to allow computers to communicate with each other on different networks
|
|
|
|
PC
|
Personal Computer, 1975; first by Altair, Altair 8800; $495 pre-built, $360 as a kit; Bill Gates makes programming while at Harvard
|
|
|
|
Domain Name System
|
established in 1984, network addresses are now identified by extensions like .com, .org, and .edu
|
|
|
|
Mac
|
introduced in 1984, has a GUI system
|
|
|
|
GUI
|
graphic user interface, uses icons
|
|
|
|
Internet
|
1981, access open to general public
|
|
|
|
WWW
|
World Wide Web, created by Tim Berners-Lee/European Lab for Partical Physics; uses hypertext, internet available through a GUI system
|
|
|
|
White House goes online
|
1994, www.whitehouse.gov
|
|
|
|
weblog
|
term coined in 1997, later blog
|
|
|
|
July 8, 1997
|
internet traffic records are broken, NASA puts images of Mars taken by Pathfinder on the internet; hits 46 million
|
|
|
|
Napster
|
1999, created by Shawn Fanning
|
|
|
|
MySpace.com
|
launched in 1999
|
|
|
|
iPod
|
debuts in 2001
|
|
|
|
iTunes
|
opens 2003, allows 99 cent downloads
|
|
|
|
Controlling Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act
|
signed in 2003, limits spam
|
|
|
|
YouTube.com
|
launched in 2005, sold to Google in 2006
|
|
|
|
url
|
uniform resource locator
|
|
|
|
http
|
hypertext transfer protocol
|
|
|
|
net neutrality
|
ISPs want to charge websites for bandwidth used, or choose own businesses over those who don't pay; "equal rights so ISPs can't be gatekeepers"
|
|
|
|
portals
|
sites from which people begin their web surfing, act as gateways to the rest of the internet
|
|
|
|
user ID
|
first part of an email address
|
|
|
|
domain
|
the portion of an internet address that identifies the network that handles the account
|
|
|
|
html
|
hypertext markup language; used to write http
|
|
|
|
Java
|
advanced programming language used for animated images and advanced sound applications
|
|
|
|
browser
|
software program that allows the user to surf the internet
|
|
|
|
bots
|
software programs capable of carrying out automated searched over the web
|
|
|
|
hybrid search engines
|
search engines that use both robots and human editors
|
|
|
|
metacrawler
|
a type of search engine that combines results from a number of other search engines
|
|
|
|
cybersquatting
|
the practice of registering trademarked domain names with hopes of reselling them to those who own the trademarks
|
|
|
|
thread
|
a connected series of messages in newsgroup or online discussion group postings
|
|
|
|
lurking
|
reading newsgroup messages without responding
|
|
|
|
mobblogging
|
posting photos from a cell phone directly to the WWW
|
|
|
|
smart mobs
|
crowds formed in response to cell phone postings
|
|
|
|
massively multi-player online roleplay games
|
MMPORGs
|
|
|
|
virus
|
a program designed specifically to damage other software, and to propogate itself to other computers
|
|
|
|
worms
|
programs that take over email systems and send themselves to other computers from the infected computer's address book
|
|
|
|
Trojans
|
send themselves through email, implant background programs that turn infected machines into a relay for spam send by virus creators
|
|
|
|
spam
|
unsolicited emails
|
|
|
|
phishing
|
practice of sending out official looking fake emails with the intent of luring the victim into revealing sensitive information
|
|
|
|
news
|
information that is timely, important, and interesting
|
|
|
|
news values
|
characteristics that define news, including timeliness, importance, and interest
|
|
|
|
the art or science of establishing and promoting favorable relationships with the the public
|
Public relations
|
|
|
|
public relations and marketing working together
|
IMC, integrated marketing communications
|
|
|
|
within the client's organization; includes employees, stockholders, and members
|
Internal publics
|
|
|
|
outside the client's organization, including the community, the news media, customers, voters, and legislators
|
external publics
|
|
|
|
sophists
|
trained to argue on any side of the issue, acting as lobbyists in Greece
|
|
|
|
The Boston Tea Party
|
1773, was a staged event designed to garner publicity and crystallize public opinion leading up to the American Revolution
|
|
|
|
Federalist Papers
|
written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; articles that were succesful in persuading Americans to ratify the Constitution
|
|
|
|
Press agents
|
worked to generate publicity for their clients, with the main objective of having their clients featured in newspapers.
|
|
|
|
hype
|
dramatic publicity techniques
|
|
|
|
P. T. Barnum
|
first press agent
|
|
|
|
Andrew Jackson
|
first president to have a press secretary
|
|
|
|
Father of Public Relations
|
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
|
|
|
|
George Creel
|
headed the CPI, mobilized public support for WWI
|
|
|
|
Edward Bernays
|
coined the term public relations counsel and wrote Crystallizing Public Opinions, the first book on the profession
|
|
|
|
PRSA
|
started to combat the negative impression of the PR industry in 1947
|
|
|
|
publicity stunt
|
any action designed to create a human interest story
|
|
|
|
news hook
|
angle or approach that makes information newsworthy
|
|
|
|
media relations
|
the practice of developing and maintaining contact with media gatekeepers; also called press relations
|
|
|
|
trial balloons
|
leaks in which the source reveals something is being considered in order to test public feeling about the action before going ahead with it.
|
|
|
|
exclusive
|
a story granted to just one outlet
|
|
|
|
corporate aid
|
community relations activity in which a company helps society on a large scale
|
|
|
|
crisis management
|
public relations activity used to repair a client's public image following an emergency
|
|
|
|
lobbying
|
any attempt to influence public policy
|
|
|
|
press release
|
brief document containing the information needed to write a news story; also called a news release
|
|
|
|
canned news
|
press releases designed to be inserted into newspaper feature or editorial sections with no change
|
|
|
|
audio news release
|
recorded material ready for insertion into radio broadcasts
|
|
|
|
sound bites
|
short, carefully crafted statements designed to be picked up in news reports.
|
|
|
|
video news release
|
a ready to broadcast videotape designed for use in television news
|
|
|
|
press kit
|
a collection of publicity items given out to media gatekeepers
|
|
|
|
backgrounders
|
in depth articles contained in press kits
|
|
|
|
flacks
|
derogatory term for PR professionals
|
|
|
|
whitewashing
|
the practice of using public relations messages to cover up problems without correcting them
|
|
|
|
greenwashing
|
the PR practice of covering up environmental proglems by associating a client with beneficial environmental actions
|
|
|
|
any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promoting of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor
|
advertising
|
|
|
|
handbills
|
printed on single sheets of paper, first printed advertisements
|
|
|
|
trade advertising
|
business-to-business advertising
|
|
|
|
consumer advertising
|
ads directed to the retail customer
|
|
|
|
trade cards
|
illustrated cards with a business message on one side and artwork on another
|
|
|
|
ad broker
|
someone who buys adspace and resells it to advertisers; a liaison between advertisers and newspapers
|
|
|
|
puffery
|
exaggeration in advertising claims
|
|
|
|
WEAF
|
ran first commercial in 1922
|
|
|
|
subliminal advertising
|
promotional messages that the consumer is not consciously aware of
|
|
|
|
target marketing
|
process of breaking up the advertising audience to reach those individuals most likely to purchase a particular product
|
|
|
|
circulation waste
|
that part of advertising received by people whom the advertiser has no interest in reaching
|
|
|
|
billings
|
the gross dollar amount that an advertising agency's client spends
|
|
|
|
in-house agencies
|
organizations built into a corporate structure
|
|
|
|
ad agencies that specialize in creative services
|
boutique agencies
|
|
|
|
full-service agencies
|
ad agencies that supply all advertising and marketing services
|
|
|
|
positioning
|
the process of finding the products most specific customer type and creating appeals that will be effective with that type
|
|
|
|
copy research
|
studies that test the effectiveness of ad content, or copy
|
|
|
|
media buyers
|
advertising agency personnel that purchases ad time and space
|
|
|
|
image advertising
|
the promotion of an idea that becomes associated with a product
|
|
|
|
institutional ads
|
trade group image promotions for entire industries; ex: Cotton, the fabric of our lives
|
|
|
|
advocacy ads
|
designed to affect public opinion or gov't policy
|
|
|
|
corrective ads
|
ads designed to rectify an inaccurate impression
|
|
|
|
counteradvertising
|
designed to fight an image that is not in the public interest
|
|
|
|
guerilla advertising
|
advertising that uses unorthodox tactics
|
|
|
|
PSA
|
public service announcements, ads on public interest issues presented as a service to the community
|
|
|
|
bait and switch advertising
|
technique in which a seller provides bait in the form of an advertised bargain and a switch when the customer is talked into a more expensive product
|
|
|
|
parity statement
|
an assertion of equality that sounds like an assertion of superiority
|
|
