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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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communication
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a symbolic process involving the attribution of meaning.
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symbols
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verbal, nonverbal, letters, stop signs.
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linear model of communication
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speaker -> message -> listener.
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medium
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in which form is the message being received.
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feedback
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response
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context
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situation, details
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noise
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cell phone noise types. psychological noise = thoughts
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frames of reference
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prior knowledge, experience, culture, gender, social status, job, etc.
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rhetoric
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art of using all available means of persuasion... to induce cooperation among human beings.
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5 canons of rhetoric
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inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, pronuntiatio
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inventio
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invention, discovery of arguments. brainstorming.
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dispositio
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arrangement. organization
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elocutio
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style, use of language
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memoria
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memory. instead use familiarity.
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extemporaneous speaking
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speech sounds different every time you say it but it still means the same thing
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pronuntiatio
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delivery, vocal variety, gestures, movement, posture, eye contact, charisma, confidence
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plagiarism
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steal someone's work and put it off as your own
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global plagiarism
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stealing speech in it's entirety
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patchwork plagiarism
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taking different pieces from different places.
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incremental plagiarism
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only one part of the speech isn't yours.
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public speaking
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more highly structured than casual conversation. requires more formal language. different method of delivery
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critical thinking
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a matter of logic. spot weaknesses in other peoples arguments and avoid them in your own. focused, organized thinking
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speaker
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success depends on knowledge, manner, preparation, organization, enthusiasm
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message
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whatever speaker communicates to someone else. intended message vs. actual message. tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression, eye contact
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channel
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means by which a message is communicated.
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listener
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person who receives communicated message. frame of reference needs to be audience centered
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interference
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anything that impedes communication of a message. ie. static on phone. external = outside of the audience. internal = inside audience distraction
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situation
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time and place in which communication occurs
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's own group of culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
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adrenaline
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hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
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positive nervousness
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controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation
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visualization
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mental images in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
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ethics
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branch of philosophy that deals with the issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
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ethical decisions
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sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
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name-calling
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use of language to defame, demean or degrade individuals or groups
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paraphrase
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to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
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hearing
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vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. physiological, passive, involuntary
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listening
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paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. receive info, process info and interpret info - active, voluntary
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appreciative listening
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listening for pleasure or enjoyment
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empathetic listening
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listening to understand the message of a speaker
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comprehensive listening
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listening to understand the message of a speaker
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critical listening
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listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.
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spare "brain time"
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difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)
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active listening
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giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
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keyword outline
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an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
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nonverbal communication
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communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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manuscript
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speech that's written out word for word and read to the audience
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impromptu speech
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speech deliverance with little or no immediate preparation
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extemporaneous speech
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carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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conversational quality
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presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times its been rehearsed.
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volume
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loudness or softness of speakers voice
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pitch
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highness or lowness of speaker's voice
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inflections
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changes in the pitch or tone of a speakers voice
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monotone
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a constant pitch or tone of voice
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rate
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speed at which a person speaks
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pause
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a momentary break in vocal delivery of a speech
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vocalized pause
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a pause occurs when a speaker feels that the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" "er" and "um"
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pronunciation
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accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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articulation
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physical production of particular speech sounds
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dialect
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variety of languages distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
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kinesics
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study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
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gestures
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motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech
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5 guidelines for ethical speaking
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1. goals are ethically sound
2. be fully prepared 3. be honest 4. avoid name calling and other abusive language 5. put ethical principles into practice |
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5 Ps
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preparation and practice prevents poor performance
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topic
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the subject of the speech.
1. subjects you know a lot about. 2. subjects you want to know a lot about. |
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brainstorming
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a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
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general purpose
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the broad goal of a speech. to inform or to persuade
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specific purpose
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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.
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central idea
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a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. thesis statement. should be a full sentence. should not be a question. should avoid figurative language. should not be vague or overly general
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residual message
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what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else.
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catalogue
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a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
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call number
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a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
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periodical database
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a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.
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abstract
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a summary of a magazine or journal article written by someone other than the original author
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reference work
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a work that synthesize a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
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general encyclopedia
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a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of knowledge
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special encyclopedia
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a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.
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biographical aid
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a reference work that provides information about people.
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atlas
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a book of maps
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gazetteer
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a geographical dictionary
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search aid
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a program used to find info on WWW
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search engine
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a search aid that indexes web pages and checks them for sites that match a searchers request
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virtual library
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a search aid that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloging and assessing data
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invisible web
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the multitude of web databases and other resources that are not indexed by search engines
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URL
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uniform resource locator
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bookmark
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a feature in a web browser that stores links to web sites so they can be easily revisited
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sponsoring organization
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an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.
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research interview
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an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
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preliminary bibliography
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a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
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supporting materials
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a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
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supporting materials
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the materials used to support a speakers ideas. the 3 major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
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example
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a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
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brief example
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a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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extended example
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a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
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hypothetical example
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an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
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statistics
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numerical data
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mean
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average value of a group of numbers
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median
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middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
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mode
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the number that occurs most frequently in a group
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testimony
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quotations of paraphrases used to support a point
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expert testimony
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testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
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peer testimony
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testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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direct quotation
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testimony that is presented word for word
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paraphrase
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to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words
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quoting out of context
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quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
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audience-centeredness
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keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
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identification
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a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences
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egocentrism
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the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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demographic audience analysis
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audience analysis that focuses in demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial ethnic or cultural background
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stereotyping
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creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
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situational audience analysis
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audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker and the occasion
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attitude
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a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
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fixed-alternative questions
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questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
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scale questions
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questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
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open-ended questions
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questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
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3 R's of research
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recency, relevancy, reliability.
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how to research general to specific
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general terms lead to specific, collateral terms
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collateral source
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source within a source.
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hierarchy of resources
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journal articles
government documents specialty publications news publications newspapers books |
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why do we need research?
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accuracy, confidence. evidence, provides clarification. credibility. significance.
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speech of introduction
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a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.
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speech of presentation
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a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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acceptance speech
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a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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commemorative speech
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a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
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after-dinner speech
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a speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a lighthearted manner.
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strategic organization
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putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
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main points
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the major points developed in the body of a speech. most speeches contains from 2 to 5 points
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chronological order
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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
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spatial order
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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
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causal order
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a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
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problem-solution order
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a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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topical order
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a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtypes
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supporting materials
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the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the 3 major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
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connective
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a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
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transition
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a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another
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internal preview
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a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
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internal summary
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a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
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sign post
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a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
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rhetorical question
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a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
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goodwill
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the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
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