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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive Dissonance |
The distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and a action. |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
objective; socio psychological, more likely to change belief not action. |
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Selective Exposure |
tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because its incompatible with their current beliefs |
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post decision dissonance |
strong doubts experianced after making an important, close call decision that is hard to reverse. example: buying a new car |
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minimum decision dissonance |
claim that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counterattitudanal behavior |
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positive bias |
test hypotheses withpositive rather than negative examples |
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Cultural Approach to Organize |
interpretive; socio-cultural and semiotic- culture is a web of shared meaning, shared understanding and shared sensemaking. |
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Ethnography |
participant observation, |
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Thick description |
record of the intertwined layers of common meaning that underlie what a particular people say and do. |
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Corporate stories |
tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy |
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Personal Stories |
Tales told my employees that put them in favorable light |
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Collegial Stories |
positive or negative anecdotes about others in an organization; description of how things "really work." |
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Rhetoric Theory |
objective; interpretive; Discovering all possible means of persuasion |
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Enthymeme |
deductive reasoning; incomplete version of a formal deductive syllogism that is created by leaving out a premise already accepted by the audience or by leaving an obvious conclusion unstated |
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Inartistic proof |
External evidence that speaker doesnt create. Examples- testimony, letters, contracts |
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Artistic proof |
internal proofs thar contain logical ethical or emotional appeals. Examples- |
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3 kinds of artistic proof |
ethos logos pathos |
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ethos |
the way the speech reveals the speakers character. (intellegence, virtue, goodwill) |
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logos |
line of argument |
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pathos |
feeling or emotion the speech gives off |
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5 rhetorical cannons |
Invention Arrangement Style Delivery Memory
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invention |
speakers hunt for arguments that will be effective in a particular speech |
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Arrangement |
avoid complicated schemes of organization, state subject and then demonstrate it |
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style |
focuses on metaphor, to learn easily is pleasant to all people |
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Delivery |
audienced reject delivery that seems planned or staged. be natural |
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Memory |
speak from memory instead of it being rehearsed |
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Dramatism |
interpretice; rhetorical - way of doing rhetorical criticis, can evaluate long use to understand human relations and motives |
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Dramatistic Pentads |
Act Scene Agent Agency Purpose |
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act |
realism |
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scene |
determinism- absolves/displaces guilt |
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agent |
idealism-autonomy |
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agency |
pragmatism |
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purpose |
mysticism |
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pentadic ratios |
relative importance of any two terms of the pentad as determined by their relationship. |
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god-term |
positive term |
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devil term |
sums up everything the speaker says as evil |
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perspective by incongruity |
calling attention to a truth by linking two dissonant or discrepent terms, our admirable drives to do things can hurt people |
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tragic frame |
mortification-confession of guilt ask for forgiveness Victimage- process of naming an external enemy as the source of all personal ot public ills; scapegoating. |
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comic frame |
incongruity belittling enlightenment |
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incongruity |
quality of disagreeing |
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belittling |
make something seem unimportant |
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enlightenment |
insight, understanding |
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semiotics |
interpretive; semiotic - interprets verbal and noverbal signs |
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sign |
inseparable combination of the signifier and signified |
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signifier |
the symbol itself |
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signified |
mental concept of the signifier |
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Denotative sign system |
descriptive sign with out ideological content, purely descrptive |
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Connotative sign system |
myth |
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deconstruction |
process of unmasking contradictions within a text |
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symbol |
something that stands for something else, taught things, (table, jacket) WORDS |
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icon |
bathroom signs, onomonopea, pictures |
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index |
directly connected to their reference. Example: Smoke - smoke is an index of fire |
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ideology |
knowledge presented as common sense |
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hegemony |
subtle sway of societys haves over its have nots. (skirt can only be worn by women) |
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signification |
study of how meanings are produced, who has power to circulate which meanings to whom, meaning is constantly shifting |
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Genderlect |
Both objective and interpretive; semiotic and sociocultural tradition - suggest that men and women styles of discourse are best viewed as two distinct cultural dialects |
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Rapport talk |
women--> intamacy, connection |
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Report talk |
Men--> independence, status |
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cooperative overlap |
supportive inturruption often meant to show agreement and solidarity with the speaker |
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tag question |
short question at the end of a declaritive statement, often used by women to sofen the sting of potential disagreement or open invite |
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Standpoint |
place from which to critically view the world around us |
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local knowledge |
situated in a time, place, experiance. and relative power as opposed to knowlege from nowhere thats supposedlty value free. |
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strong objectivity |
strategy of starting research from the lives of women and other marginalized groups, which upon critical reflection and resistance provides them with a less false view of reality. |
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4 functions of effective decision making |
Analysis of the problem - realistic look at current conditions (nature of problem) Goal setting - criteria fro judging proposed solution Identification of alternatives- generate multiple options Evaluation of positive and negative characteristics--> more likely to make good decision if look at negative |
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3 types of communication in decision making groups |
Promotive Disruptive Counteractive |
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promotive |
interaction that causes attention to one of the four functions |
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Disruptive |
interaction that draws attention away from one of the 4 functions *MOST FREQUENT* |
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Counteractive |
counteracts the disruptive communication RFOCUSES THE GROUP. *MOST IMPORTANT* |
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Burkes definition of man |
Man is the symbol-using (symbol-making, symbol-misusing) animal,inventor of the negative (or moralized by the negative),separated from his natural condition by instruments of his own making,goaded by the spirit of hierarchy (or moved by the sense of order),and rotten with perfection".2
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important features of definition |
-destinct bc we use symbols -desire to be better -use of negativity -separation of nature |
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5 tasks of an ethnographer |
1. accurately describe talk and actions and context in which they occur 2. Capture the thoughts, emotions and web of social interactions 3.Assign motivation and purpose to what people do 4. artfully write this up so readers feel they experianced the events 5. interpret what happened |
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3 occasions for civic discourse |
deliberative forensic epidictic |
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deliberative |
oreinted towards the future |
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forensic |
oriented toward past |
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epidictic |
time-present, interpret current events through rhetorical construction |
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termanistic screens |
involves the acknowledgment of a language system that determines an individual's perception and symbolic action in the world.
Example: using the word baby instead of fetus bc it is more realistic and relatable. pro choice vs. pro life ppl. guides ppl to act certain way based on term used. |
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5 key differences men and women communicate |
1. women are private men are public 2.men tell more stories 3. men tend to inturrupt more 4. men ask less questions 5. men more likely to initiate conflict |
