Communication

Front 1

What is the perception process and its groups?

Back 1

Mostly concerned with how we make sense of the world and what happens in it. The process of perception are Selection, Organization, and Interpretation.

Front 2

Describe selection (from perception process)

Back 2

The process of neglecting some of the stimuli and focusing on a chosen few.

Front 3

Describe organization (from perception process)

Back 3

Distinguishes between the figure and the ground; fill in missing data; use of prototypes (ideal cases) or stereotypes (generalizations)

Front 4

Describe interpretation (from perception process)

Back 4

Assigning meaning; attributions, or the process by which we explain causes for behavior (usually internal or external); self-serving bias, or assign meaning which serves our interests.

Front 5

Describe Direct Perspective (Laing's IPP Theory)

Back 5

A towards X; A's view of X (I like tennis)

Front 6

Describe Meta-Perspective (Laing's IPP Theory)

Back 6

A towards BX; A's view of B's view of X (He likes tennis)

Front 7

Describe Meta-Meta-Perspective (Laing's IPP Theory)

Back 7

A towards BAX; A's view of B's view of A's view of X (I know that he knows that I like tennis)

Front 8

What are some barriers to accurate perception?

Back 8

1. Ignoring Information
2. Over-generalizing
3. Over-simplifying
4. Stereotyping
5. Imposing Consistency
6. Focusing on the Negative
7. Making a Fundamental Attribution Error

Front 9

What is ignoring information (barrier to accurate perception)

Back 9

Focusing on details or secondary issues rather than the important information

Front 10

What is over-generalizing (barrier to accurate perception)

Back 10

Treating small amounts of information as if they were highly representative.

Front 11

What is over-simplifying (barrier to accurate perception)

Back 11

Preference for simple explanations than complex ones.

Front 12

What is imposing consistency (barrier to accurate perception)

Back 12

Over-estimating the consistency and constancy of other's behavior.

Front 13

What is focusing on the negative (barrier to accurate perception)

Back 13

Is the giving of more weight to negative rather than positive information.

Front 14

What is making a fundamental attribution error (barrier to accurate perception)

Back 14

The belief that others are to blame when things go wrong rather than assume that the problem was beyond their control.

Front 15

How can we improve perceptual skills?

Back 15

1. Empathy (experience through another person's perspective)
2. Perspective taking (viewpoints of others)
3. Emotion contagion (feel as others)
4. Genuine concern for others
5. Become aware of other's perception of you

Front 16

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Back 16

A person's expectations will mostly likely manifest outcome

Front 17

What are two types of self-fulfilling prophecies?

Back 17

1. Self-imposed (X's expectations influence X's behavior)
2. Impose by others (X's expectations influences Y's behavior)

Front 18

What are three sources of the self-concept?

Back 18

1. Looking glass self (image of X that Y have of X is revealed to X through interactions)
2. Social comparison (comparison of X makes between X and others)
3. X's interpretation and evaluation of X's thoughts and behaviors as positive or negative

Front 19

What are the three stages of development for the self-concept?

Back 19

1. Preparatory Stage (10mo - 3yrs)
2. Play Stage (4yrs - 6yrs)
3. Game Stage (6yrs+)

Front 20

Describe preparatory stage.

Back 20

(10mo - 3yrs) children imitate the behavior of others indiscriminately

Front 21

Describe play stage.

Back 21

(4yrs - 6yrs) have some knowledge of the roles they play; do so imaginatively

Front 22

Describe game stage.

Back 22

(6yrs+) learns to respond to a variety of role demands; aware of conflict of some roles

Front 23

What are the "I" and "Me"?

Back 23

1. I is the unique aspect of self
2. Me is the social aspect of self

Front 24

What are four aspects of self-concepts?

Back 24

1. Physical Self (age, body, type, gender, etc)
2. Social Self (roles you play)
3. Reflective Self (attitudes, abilities, values, etc)
4. Cosmic Self (one fits in the universe; religious self)

Front 25

What are five functions of the self-concept?

Back 25

1. Predicting behavior (high self-concept leads to positive predictions)
2. Filtering evaluations from others.
3. Influencing word selection and demeanor
4. Moderating competing messages between (I) impulsive and (Me) regulated
5. Influences our perceptions of others

Front 26

What are the types of Myers-Briggs Personality typology?

Back 26

1. Extrovert (E)
2. Introvert (I)
3. Sensation (S)
4. Intuitive (N)
5. Thinking (T)
6. Feeling (F)
7. Judging (J)
8. Perceiving (P)

Front 27

What is an Extrovert (E)?

Back 27

Sociable; receives energy from others.

Front 28

What is an Introvert (I)?

Back 28

Territorial; interaction drains energy so must retreat to renew self.

Front 29

What is Sensation (S)?

Back 29

Facts; practical; actual; detail-oriented

Front 30

What is Intuitive (N)?

Back 30

Innovative; sees the whole; creative; misses details; skips around

Front 31

What is Thinking (T)?

Back 31

Logical and objective; doesn't show feelings

Front 32

What is Feeling (F)?

Back 32

Subjective; makes decisions based on others feelings or emotions

Front 33

What is Judging (J)?

Back 33

Sets deadlines; very organized; set-in-ways; outcomes oriented

Front 34

What is Perceiving (P)?

Back 34

Avoids deadlines; spontaneous; flexible; process-oriented

Front 35

Describe the Johari window.

Back 35

It is a square divided into four rooms. 1 (known to O,S); 2 (known to O); 3 (known to S); 4 (NOT known O,S)

Front 36

To what does this model refer?

Back 36

This model helps people to better understand their relationship with self and others.

Front 37

What are emotions?

Back 37

1. Physiological changes called proprioceptive stimuli which are then activated by internal issues
2. Nonverbal reactions like blushing or facial expression
3. Cognitive interpretation; labeling how we feel

Front 38

What are key influences on emotions?

Back 38

1. Personality
2. Culture
3. Biological Sex (Gender)
4. Social Convention
5. Social Roles
6. Fear of Self-Disclosure
7. Emotional Contagion

Front 39

How can we manage our emotions?

Back 39

1. Recognize our feelings
2. Label your feelings (anger, wanting to run away)
3. Share multiple feelings (anger with fear)
4. Accept responsibility

Front 40

Distinguish between facilitative and debilitative emotions.

Back 40

Facilitative is a good emotion (happy); Debilitative is a dysfunctional emotion (rage)

Front 41

What is culture?

Back 41

Is a learned system of knowledge, behaviors, values, attitudes, beliefs and norms that are shared by a group of people.

Front 42

What are key cultural elements?

Back 42

1. Material Cultures (things and ideas)
2. Social Institutions (school, government, religious organizations)
3. Individual and The Universe (system of belief)
4. Aesthetics (music, theater, art, and dance)
5. Language (verbal and nonverbal elements)

Front 43

Describe culture values for masculine.

Back 43

Masculine culture values are into traditional roles, achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material wealth.

Front 44

Describe culture values for feminine

Back 44

Feminine culture values are into caring for less fortunate, being sensitive toward others, communication for connection and rapport.

Front 45

Describe culture values for uncertainty avoidance.

Back 45

Uncertainty avoidance means predictability versus novelty; ambiguity comfort

Front 46

Describe culture values for power distribution.

Back 46

Power distribution refers to comfort with authority figures; equality needs

Front 47

Describe culture values for Individualism.

Back 47

Individualism is preference for individual accomplishments rather than collective or collaborative achievement

Front 48

Describe high context cultures.

Back 48

Nonverbal cues are very important in interpreting messages; less talk and indirect speech; more nonverbal and environmental cues; expectations that people will observe and learn; silence is golden; rules are unspoken

Front 49

Describe low context cultures.

Back 49

Rely more explicitly on language and less on nonverbal cues; more talk, direct speech, and verbal cues; expectation that anything important will be talked about; language is needed; rules are spelled out

Front 50

What are five keys to effective intercultural communication?

Back 50

1. Avoid ethnocentrism (assuming our culture is superior)
2. Avoid stereotyping / prejudice
3. Increase knowledge of other cultures
4. Be motivated to improve
5. Try to establish common ground

Front 51

How does female gender affect communication in the nursing context?

Back 51

1. Taught to create rapport
2. To express emotion
3. To clarify relationship
4. To support; empathy
5. To be tentative
6. To ask questions

Front 52

How does male gender affect communication in the nursing context?

Back 52

1. Use report talk; facts; information
2. Use language to get things done
3. With problems offer advice
4. Use declarative, assertive language
5. Strive for control and dominance