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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Form of respiratory infection that fills alveoli of the lungs with pus and fluid making breathing painful and limits oxygen take |
Pneumonia |
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Single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide; Can prevent with simple intervention and low cost medication |
Pneumonia |
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Most common bacteria cause of Pneumonia |
Streptococcus Pneumoniae |
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Second most common bacterial cause of Pneumonia |
Haemophilus Influenza Type B (Hib) |
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Most common viral cause of Pneumonia |
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
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Fungal cause in infants with HIV |
Pneumocystis Jirovecii |
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Causative agents of Pneumonia |
* Steptococcus Pneumoniae * Haemophilus Influenza Type B * Respiratory Syncytial Virus * Pneumocytis Jirovecii |
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Transmission of Pneumonia |
* Droplet * Airborne * Through blood during and shortly after birth |
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Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia |
* Cough * Fever * Convulsion * Unconciousness * Hypothermia * Wheezing (Most common) |
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Risk Factors of Pneumonia |
* Infants * Elderly * Air Pollution * Smoking * Immunocompromised Individuals |
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Prevention and Treatment of Pneumonia |
* Adequate Nutrition * Breastfeeding for 6 months * Good Hygiene * Antibiotics and Bed Rest * Immunization |
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The passage of three or more loose or liquids stools per day |
Diarrheal Disease |
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Second leading cause of death in childreb under 5 years old |
Diarrheal Disease |
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Can deplete the body of water and salts necessary for survival; Dehydration and sepsis are possible cause of death |
Diarrheal Disease |
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Clinical Types of Diarrhea |
* Acute Water Diarrhea - lasts several hours or days * Acute Bloody Diarrhea - also called dysentery * Chronic Diarrhea - last 14 days or longer |
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Causative Agents of Diarrheal Disease |
* Escherichia Coli * Shigella spp. * Rotavirus - gastroenteritis in child * Norwalk Virus - " in adult * Cryptosporidium Parvum |
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Transmission of Diarrheal Disease |
* Ingestion of contaminated water * Poor personal hygiene * Fish and seafood from polluted water |
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Signs and Symptoms of Diarrheal Disease |
* Liquid stools per day * Dehydration (Severe threat) |
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Lethargy, unconciousness, sunken eyes and skin pinch goes back slowly |
Severe Dehydration |
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Restlessness, irratability, sunken eyes and polydypsia |
Slight Dehydration |
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Excessive thirst or drinking |
Polydypsia |
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Risk Factors of Diarrheal Disease |
* Unclean water supply * Improper sewage disposal |
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Prevention and Treatment of Diarrheal Disease |
* Sanitation and Personal Hygiene * Safe drinking water * Handwashing * Rotavirus Vaccination * Health Vaccination * Rehydration and Medication |
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Acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus which circulate in all parts of the world |
Influenza |
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Severity varies from asymptomatic to fatal disease; May result to complications and even death in some groups of individuals |
Influenza |
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Type of I influenza virus responsible for most epidemics |
Type A |
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Agglutinates RBCs |
16 Hemagglutinin (HA) |
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Release influenza virua from the cell after replication |
9 Neuraminidase (NA) |
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Type of influenza virus sometimes cayse epidemics |
Type B |
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Type of influenza virus that causes mild illness |
Type C |
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Type of influenza virus primarily affect cattle |
Type D |
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Transmission of Influenza |
* Airborne * Droplet * Fomites |
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* A (H1N1) * A (H3N2) |
Swine Flu |
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* A (H5N1) * A (H7N9) |
Bird/Avian Flu |
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Signs and Symptoms of Influenza |
* Fever * Dry cough and Sore Throat * Headache * Body Malaise * Joint Pain * Runny Nose |
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Risk Factor of Influenza |
* Crowdee areas * Health care facilities |
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Prone to complication of Influenza |
* Pregant women * Infants * Elderly * Immunocompromised Individual |
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Prevention and Treatment of Influenza |
* Handwashing * Covering mouth when coughing * Symptomatoc treatment * Neuraminidase inhibitors, antiviral drugs * Self limiting disease |
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A bacterial infection of the lungs |
Tuberculosis |
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One of the top 10 causew of death worldwide and is a leading killer of HIV-positive people |
Tuberculosis |
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Causative Agent or Tuberculosis |
* Mycobacterium Tuberculosis * Koch's Bacillus |
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Cells contains mycolic acid * Grows slowlt culture * Resistance to antomicrobials dessication * Protection from phagocytosis |
Koch's Bacillus |
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Transmission od Tuberculosis |
* Airborne * Fomites |
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Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis |
* Cough * Chest pain * Weaknese * Weight loss * Fever and night sweats |
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Diagnosed by sputum smears |
Tuberculosis |
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Risk Factor of TB |
* All age group * Increased in immunocomprising conditions * Tobacco smoking * People infected with HIV |
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Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis |
* 6 months course of 4 antimicrobial drugs * DOTS |
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Resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, two of the most potent first line anti-TB drugs |
MDRTB (Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis) |
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Do not respond to second line drugs, no other treatment options |
XDRTB (Extensively Drug Resistance Tuberculosis) |
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First Line Drugs of TB |
* Pyrazinamide * Rifampicin * Isoniazid * Streptomycin * Ethambutol |
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Second line Drugs of TB |
* Ciprofloxacin * Cycloserine * Capreomycin * Ofloxacin * Kanamycin * Ethionamide * Rifabutin |
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The immune system is targeted and weakened, ultimately leading to immunocompromised status |
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) |
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The risk of dying is not due to virus itself, but instead due to opportunistic infections that are normally regulated by a healthy immune system |
HIV |
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Causative Agent of HIV |
* Targets CD4 cells * Completion of viral replication leads to cell lysis |
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Cluster of Differentiation 4; Found on thw WBC that fight off pathogen; Essentially concentrated on T-helper cells which detect the presence of pathogens in the body and activate immune system once an infection is detected |
CD4 |
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CD4 + T-cells normal value |
500 - 1500 cells/uL |
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CD4 + T-cells value of person with AIDS |
<200/uL |
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Transmission of HIV |
* Perinatal * Percutaneoua * Permucosal * Blood-borne * Body fluids except swear, saliva, urine and tears |
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Signs and Symptoms of HIV |
* Early Stage - Flu-like symptoms, rash, and sore throat * Intermediate Stage - Swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhea, cough *Late Stage - TB, cryptoccocal menigitis, severe bacterial infections, kaposi's sarcoma |
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Risk Factor of HIV |
* Unprotected anal or vaginal sex * Having another underlying STI/STD * Sharing contaminated needles and syringes * Unsafe blood transfusion and tissue transplants * Accidental needle stick injury * Use of unsterilized contaminated surgical equipment |
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Prevention and Treatment of HIV |
* Use of condoms * Testing and counselling * Male circumcision * Pre and Post exposure prophylaxis * Anti-retroviral theraphy * Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission |
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A blood borne Protozoan parasite that causes a life threatening disease; Leading parasitic disease that causes mortality worldwide; Characterized by recurrent febrile episodes |
Malaria |
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Causative Agent of Malaria |
* P. Falciparum - common in PH * P. Vivax - common in the world * P. Ovale * P. malariae |
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Transmission of Malaria |
* Vectorborne * Through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito |
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Signs and Symptoms of Malaria |
* Fever, headache, chills * Severe anemia *Respiratory distress due to metabolic acidosis * Cerebral malaria *Multi-organ development |
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Risk Factor of Malaria |
* Endemic areas * Immunocompromised individuals * Infants * Pregnant women * Non-immune travelers |
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Prevention and Treatment of Malaria |
* Vector control * Anti-malaria drugs * Vaccination |
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A viral febrile infection that causes a flu-like illness; Leading cause of serious illness and death among children; Occasionally develops into lethal complications |
Dengue |
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Causative Agent of Dengue |
* High degree of tropism for bone marrow precursor cells * Breakbone fever - followed by myalgia and deep bone pain *Recovery from infection by ine sereotype provides lifelong immunity to that sereotype * Severe dengue syndromes occurs |
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Transmission of Dengue |
* Vectorborne * Bite of female Aedes mosquito |
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Signs and Symptoms of Dengue |
* Flu-like signs and symptoms * Headache * Muscle and joints pain * Nausea * Vomiting * Swollen glands or rashes |
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Risk Factors of Dengue |
* Uncovered water supply * Poor environmental sanitation |
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Prevention and Treatment of Dengue |
* Vaccination * Vector control * Proper management of water supply * Self-limiting disease |
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General term used to denote infection of dengue, influenza, chikungunya, hepatitis A, leptospirosis, rickettsia, typhoid fever |
Acute Febrile Illness |
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Viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitosles such as Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus; There's no known cure; Symptomatic treatment |
Chikungunya |
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Viral liver disease transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water; Fecal-oral transmission; Prevented by proper sanitation and vaccines |
Hepatitis A |
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A bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals; Transmission via direct contact with the urine of infected animals; Bacteria enter the body through mucous membranes of mouth, nose, and eyes or through cuts and abrasions of the skin |
Leptospirosis |
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A bacterial infection transmitted by the bite of lice, ticks, fleas and mites |
Rickettsia |
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A life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi; Fecal-oral transmission; Treated with antibiotics; Prevented by vaccine and good hygiene |
Typhoid Fever |
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Most common causes of both illness and mortality in children |
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection |
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Causative Agent of URTI |
* Rhinitis * Acute Pharyngitis |
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Causative Agent of LRTI |
* Pneumonia * Atypical Pneumonia * Bronchiolitis |
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Transmission of Acute Respiratort Tract Infection |
* Airborne * Droplet * Fomites |
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Prevention of ARTI |
* Immunization * Early diagnosis and treatment * Improvements in nutrition * Safer environments |
